Education Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Education Curriculum Essay There is usually an existence of a gap between the objectives of a lesson and the student position and pertains the lesson intended. The teacher is duly bound to make sure that the relevant skills and knowledge contained in any lesson have appropriately been imparted into the students. The learning has to proceed in places and the cognitive skills required at each phase of learning should be clearly set down. The teacher should be in a position to convert the most important steps in the phases into a learning existing strategy. That allows the students to learn effectively the subject matter. The teacher should as well identify the requirements of each step, while taking precautions that the student should not make errors. The fundamental requirements should be presented in the foremost to allow the mastering of required skills to follow later. The current skill wise position of the student should be identified by the teacher. Guidelines in evaluation checklist The evaluation checklist has guidelines which are all important for the success curriculum instructional materials. The guidelines in the evaluation checklists are all influential towards the extent the support towards learning and towards the achievement of the required instructional objectives of learning. They include Design, procedures, clarity and efficiency. (Heinich, 2002). The content of any curriculum material should not be irrelevant. A high degree of accuracy is required to make sure the pupils minds are energy are utilized competently. The guidelines are also important in that an organized format with a logical setup of content should be achieved. The brain of the student is the most crucial resource at the moment and its utilization should be well addressed. To achieve this objective it is therefore important that the guideline in the evaluation checklist exhibits some objective which is clearly defined. This helps save time and enhances the checklist to address only the relevant and necessary objectives. The questions that need to be raised so as to achieve the right objectives are clearly put in a relevant capacity while the examples cited in the discussion have implacable meaning and they are of help to the students. The design guideline also allows that only the important part of the information is given the right emphasis and its content is not a burden to the students. The guideline is also important as to avoid impartiality when representing the objectives by coping with gender racial, religious or ethnicity biasness. This is especially significant since the learning environment is cross-cultural and each an every recipient should be comfortable with the information brought up. The guidelines are also important towards provision of currently updated and completely addressed information for the best comfort of the students. This will as well address the career fields’ needs while at the same time addressing the issues of gender and race of the participating population. The design component is also important in that it results with information from a clearly identified source that is reliable and therefore the information by itself is also reliable. Heinich, 2002). As the learners continue to acquire skills and knowledge. The guidelines should allow the students to learn. The duty of this guideline is to help p the student, achieve this as the student moves beyond the basis of leaning. Through thinking as the students learn and apply the skills simultaneously for the health of their learning activities. The cultural diversity has been earlier mentioned which is another important aspect of the design guidelines with a consistent layout. It is also with an effective design of an evaluation checklist guideline that unique learning techniques are applicable to the culturally diverse leaning atmosphere which has various categories of ability levels. The other significant importance of the design guideline is the provision of an easy assessment to teachers of the progress of the students. It also enhances a reading level that is only appropriate and specific to the target group, while also addressing only the relevant age and grade level. The other guideline is the procedure which is important in that it enhances the required interaction frequencies that make learning easier. The interactions are significantly vigorous, vibrant and active in learning the interactions out of the procedures guidelines also boosts the student’s moral for a continued learning allowing the students to master the already learnt concepts. The procedure also allows for complete and clear directions which facilitate the students to perform only the relevant tasks. Heinich, 2002). The other most important guideline of the evaluation checklist is clarity. Clarity is importance towards presenting the checklist in a clear easy to read and to understand test. The general format of the course lesson also becomes attractive to the eyes of the user the layout being easier makes learners have some relative ease to locate what they need. ( Gollnick and Chinn, 2002). All the necessary features of the content are easily navigated by the clarity guideline of checklist while the paragraphs in each section give a presentation of information clearly and accurately. There is also a consistency of clear and clean fonts. Heinich, 2002). The last and also most important guideline of the evaluation checklist is the efficiency of the guidelines By the use of efficiency, only the necessary information is included in the lessons. The efficiency guideline also allows that only the significant examples and practice items which are as numerous as possible are included in the lessons. This is very important towards helping student learn the relevant materials of the lesson (Gagiulo, 2003) A lesson of Importance The instructional materials evaluate checklist may be of crucial assistance to a teacher aiming at an a grade in such a subject such as racial assimilation. The objectives of this lesson is to assist the students identify the relative forces given to the various racial groups and a step to their immigration in the United States. Heinich, 2002). By the use of curriculum materials each resource should be used in the lesson since each carries some considerable weight towards the achievement of the overall objective. Adequacy of the Lessons in terms of the Attributes of Curricular Design: To teach the objectives already identified some instructional resources for teaching are required. The issue has raised interest in the teaching of racial discrimination in the United States. The students should be made to wholly understand the process of assimilation of minority groups overtime. To achieve these, some resources such as recent statements by the government regarding its policy in respect of national minorities would be of crucial help. Another important resource would be the historical background of all the affected citizens of that particular country. The last of the resource would probable be some website data of the number of immigrants recorded overtime in the country As regards the first resource for example, the issue of â€Å"The government presenting a report on the sorting of the minorities on its policy in respect of the national minorities† (Gollnick and Chinn, 2002). as regards the historic background, the origin and the history f every affected group can be analyzed and given. The Adequacy Of The Lessons In Terms Of The Attributes Of Curricular Design The purpose is quite clear as transmitted during the lesson presentation: This is as a result of the accurate, well organized and clearly defined design of presentation. The lesson has been supported by the necessary information required all of which has been from reliably known sources. The information has also been given with the emphasis of the most important points. (Gagiulo, 2003) The Pan balance equations are pre- Algebra is a previous lesson in the Algebra section of mathematics lesson as relates to Pan balance Equations. This is the most significant fact leading to the condition that there has been some background knowledge and information from the previous lessons. This is healthy for the student for the purpose of a good follow up and integration of the related information into the current information for a healthy learning. (Gagiulo, 2003) The lesson approaches the technique of cooperative learning some parts of inquiry and some direct instructions. Students should be made to use the previous knowledge learned in earlier lessons that are related to the current lessons for them benefit. This calls for cooperative learning whereby each students make a contribution of what is known to the students for the mutual benefits of the teacher the taught and fellow students. This is achieved through first the inquiry by the teacher to make references of the past knowledge by the students who give a direct contribution of the same as a response. ( Gollnick and Chinn, 2002). The initial ideas are used to develop more beneficial ideas. The lesson addresses a variety of learning styles and intelligence. All the possible approaches should be used for the benefit of the student. Remember that the transition between the initial steps whereby the teacher has the objectives while the student have un empty mind which should be filled by the teacher is a complex one. Styles and intelligences of all range should thus be applied to come up with the required results. Questions have been asked examples have been given illustrations of various degrees applied; direct facts from known sources cited all, aiming for some positive results. All these are resources at the disposal of the teacher and they must be used. The ultimate goal of the lesson is to make sure that students comfortably understand all the details of the lesson. It is therefore the requirement of the lesson to provide the teachers with the relevant method of assessing the level of understanding that has been affected by the project. The methods through which students answer projected questions on the lesson. The way the students answer short written questions and the way the they apply the knowledge accumulated to tackle exercise questions is a clear guide to the success of the provision by the lesson to assessment of understanding. (Gagiulo, 2003) Importance of selecting programs / lessons appropriate for students. I assessment of this issue levels of instruction development and reading, the goals of the curriculum, and the state of the student such as the disabilities must be all be considered. The importance of any program is to benefit. The recipient through the most efficient and comfortable method. No attempt should be encouraged to create further complication of the students. Therefore the instructional level for example is a good guide as to what instructions are rightful for the students. The development level of the student further guides the teacher towards the rightful resources to apply to the student. The disability status sets limits as to what practical examples should be used for the students. The reading level is a guide as to what affect the students should not be exposed to reading materials while the curricular goals should guide the teacher as to what is intended of the lesson and the final expectations. (Gagiulo, 2003) Conclusion The main aim of successful curriculum material is to achieve comprehensive learning for the overall molding of an individual in terms of skills and knowledge. This is importance for the future benefit of student the success and the teachers expect as a result of high quality of learning.

College Admissions Essay: My Father was Ten Feet Tall :: College Admissions Essays

My Father was Ten Feet Tall My father is in the upper room. With his passing, in the dog days of the summer, came great sadness and longing. As I flip through the pages of my memory, I don't recall my father being a tall, striking figure. But to a child, he seemed to stand ten feet tall. He commanded all of his children using a sense of respect and pride. With age, my father's eyesight became impaired and his gait was not so steady. However, my father never lost his inner vision or the ability to stand by his word. And on a good day, when I felt the warmth of his embrace, in a fleeting glance he appeared to be the spry youngster of his mid-twenties that ushered mama and me to church every Sunday. As I grew older, I noticed that my father and I basically had the same outlook on life. I'd bounce ideas off him and he'd basically come to the same conclusion about life as I. I loved my father unconditionally, not because he listened to me for hours at a time, but because he believed in me. When I informed my father of my decision to attend college, he was excited. And when I told him that I intended to pursue a degree in journalism he said, "Doreen, be the best that you can be." My father wanted desperately to attend my graduation from college. But he will never have the opportunity to do that. My father was slain on the Chicago lakefront while taking a walk. My fondest memories of my father were of lazy Sunday afternoons. He loved to listen to music and drink tea. My father also loved to take everyone to the rodeo, beach and park. My father never favored one child over another among my siblings. He taught us to share and to love one another. When I travel back to Chicago and throughout the Midwest, it truly touches my heart to see fathers playing on the ballfields with their children.

Breastfeeding vs Formla Feeding Essay

Parents-to-be have a lot of things on their plate. One of those many things that parents should worry about is what their child is going to consume. The choice to either breastfeed or formula feed should be the main thing on an expectant mother’s mind far before the baby is born. The nutrition a baby takes in from milk for the first year of life is very valuable for a baby’s growth and health. The choice of breastfeeding or formula feeding should be looked at and thought about deeply before deciding a nutritional plan that will alter a child’s life forever. Furthermore, these choices will also affect the parent’s life. The main aspiration for this essay is to contrast the health benefits, cost, and convenience of breastfeeding as opposed to formula feeding. The first important difference between breast and formula feeding is the health benefits. Every time a healthy woman breastfeeds her baby, she is passing on natural antibodies and vitamins that has been known to keep the baby healthy and strengthen the newborn’s immune system. The immune system assists in fighting most infections and diseases that new babies may be susceptible to, such as ear infections, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and the common cold. Some of the illnesses are more serious and could cause sudden infant death syndrome, mainly whooping cough, meningitis, leukemia and other devastating cancers. Breastfeeding can help in the prevention and reduction of risk in developing diabetes, asthma, and allergies later in life. Formula milk, however, lacks all the natural antibodies that newborns need to strengthen an infant’s non-existent immune system to help fight off infection and illnesses. Formula milk is primarily a source of nutrition and does not contribute to the development of a newborn’s immune system. Shelby Medico 05/28/12 The second difference between breastfeeding and formula feeding is the cost. Breastfeeding is a smart choice because not only is it free, but it saves money. Instead of wasting money on manufactured milk, mothers can take advantage of the free milk produced by Mother Nature. Parents can use money saved by breastfeeding and use it toward other important items newborns need. On the other hand, formula is very expensive and the price of formula adds up. As a baby grows, the parents will have to keep up with the baby’s expanding appetite; therefore, parents will eventually find themselves spending double the amount of money on formula. Formula fed babies also will not be receiving the proper antibodies to help prevent the illnesses that lead to trips to the doctor’s office. Doctor appointments are expensive, not to mention the time off work a parent may have to take to care for a sick child. The final difference between breastfeeding and formula feeding is convenience. Convenience is the key to make feeding a baby an easier task for the parents. Breastfeeding is very convenient because it is always available day and night whenever the baby is hungry. When a mother plans to run errands or simply to go out to eat for lunch with her baby, she will not have to pack anything for the baby to eat. Another convenience of breastfeeding is that it is not necessary to prepare milk and warm bottles in the middle of the night for the half-asleep midnight feedings. Parents of formula fed babies, however, have to spend extra time boiling water to prepare the formula and sterilizing the bottles before the baby can eat. Parents also have to be cautious about warming bottles to make sure the formula milk is not too hot for the baby’s sensitive mouth. Extra inconvenient tasks that have to be done before feeding a hungry, impatient baby can be very frustrating. In conclusion, considering the health benefits, cost, and convenience of breastfeeding, it would be the most logical choice to better a new family’s life.

The For Stability And Power Balance Essay - 963 Words

The wish for stability and power balance is perceivable in the above mentioned Petition of Scap-topara. This quote can be taken as an evidence for the lack of security and the growing dissatis-faction of the civic population. 4. Religion The leading religious belief in the Roman Empire was paganism. Besides the pagans, which ho-nored their gods, were always other religions and beliefs represented throughout the empire, but those were never able to get the upper hand. 4.1 Decius Then Christianity came: The first acts of christian martyrs, reported by Eusebius, occured in the years 155/156. (Lewis Reinhold, 1990, P. 564). According to Lewis and Reinholds, violent or unjust treatment of christians took place in a local and not in a througout the empire organized dimension until the mid thrid century. The first christian persecution was lead by Decius’ imperi-al order in 249-251. To prevent the appearance of a christian state within the Roman Empire, Decius established a law, which demanded from every citizen the prof of religious loyalty, „which was certified in writing by the commisioners.â€Å" (Lewis Reinhold, 1990, P. 566). An example of such a piece of evidence for religious belief follows: „To those superintending the sacrifices of the village of Theadelphia, from Aurelia Bellias, daughter of Peteres, and her daugh-ter Capinis. We have sacrificed to the gods all along, and now in your presence according to or-ders I poured a libation and sacrificed and tasted of theShow MoreRelatedThe Governing Principles Of The Balance Of Power Theory And Polarity Failed778 Words   |  4 PagesThe governing principles of the balance of power theory and polarity failed to predict the outbreak of the first world war. To understand the dangers of grand simplifications such as the two aforementioned principles it’s best to contrast how they viewed international relations precluding the war with how the actual state of affairs and its consequences. Prior to the first world war, the world was in a state of multipolarity with a multitude of empires vying for power [Brown and Ainley, 21]. DuringRead MoreThe Co ld War And The Pre Wwi Conditions1591 Words   |  7 PagesTo comprehend the significance of Balance of Power, we ought to make the inquiry of what we see by `power’. Although it’s hard to characterize or quota it, power is the capacity to â€Å"do something or act in a particular way† or even Nye (2009:65) contends â€Å"the ability to achieve one’s purposes or goals.† At the end of the day, the possibility to impact other individuals to do what you need them to do. As several academics would approve that balance of power can scarcely have an accurate meaning. InRead MoreEssay about Great Power Hegemony747 Words   |  3 Pages St no: 1B1019 Great power hegemony There is a question that which system (empire, balance of power, concert of power or great power hegemony) provides the best conditions for advancing peace, prosperity and civilization? There are several opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the functions, abilities and disabilities of them to maintaining the peace and stability in international arena. But I want to argue on hegemonic power system as a preventer of warRead MoreAspects of the American Political System: Checks and Balances1260 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The American system of checks and balances is a recipe for political gridlock rather than a security against unrestrained power The three branches of the national government have been installed using a system of checks and balances that were meant to guarantee that none of the branches exceeded its limits. The legislative, executive, and judicial divisions of the national government are each capable of challenging actions performed by the others. Through using either of these branches, bodiesRead MoreChoosing the Right Shoes for Exercising Essay725 Words   |  3 Pagesyou are hitting the pavement. However, they are not the correct shoes for weight training. They limit strength and prevent proper lifting techniques. - Lack of stability. The soles of running shoes are squishy. This makes it difficult to predict the behavior during a session. It makes it challenging to control the technique. - Loss of power. The soles of these types of shoes absorb the force when hitting the ground. Instead of focusing that force toward ground, we want to move it towards the weightRead MoreHow International Orders Emerge And How They Change1595 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals to gain more power for defense. That society will claim territory and sovereignty to become a state. 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In my analysis I explain the different modes of postwar reestablishmentRead MoreThe Rise Of China Is Destroying The United States1417 Words   |  6 Pagesaway from becoming a global superpower. Using the theoretical lenses of Hegemonic Stability, Balance of Power, and Realism, this paper will argue that the rise of China as global hegemon lacks theoretical support; while in fact China is growing militarily, economically, and politically, it will not replace the United States (US) as Global Hegemon. To contextualize, this paper will first define the concept of power and hegemony in International Relations (IR). Cox (1983) took an adaptation of Gramsci’sRead More Presidential vs. Parliamentary Political Systems Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThere are two main types of political systems, one being a presidential system and the other being a parliamentary system. Both of them have their own benefits as well as their own disadvantages. No political system can be perfect or can always have stability, but shown in history there are successful countries that use either one. Also there are countries that have failed with one of the two systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly there is the presidential system. There are many characteristics to a presidential systemRead MoreThe Theory Of International Relations1402 Words   |  6 PagesThere are different theory of how international relations should operate, such as Liberalism, Realism, Marxism, Constructivism, the English school often called the international society, Feminism, Green theory, Hegemonic stability theory, Postmodernism and Post colonialism. This essay will be focus on realism and how relevant the realist perspective is in the 21st century international relations. Historically, Realism is the most important approach to discipline of international relations (Nicholson

Crime Prevention Programs And Juvenile Delinquency

Crime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Jenna Moffitt American Military University Professor Parkinson CMRJ295 November 29, 2015 Crime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Crime is the one constant thing in our country that will always be around. For decades we have enhanced our technology, changed our laws, put away criminals, but crime still, and will always exist. Crime prevention programs are put into place to help prevent juveniles and adults from continuing to go down a road of destruction and crime and hopefully lower the number of crimes committed each day. These programs have been put in place not only to help the criminal, but to help society. â€Å"Crime Prevention is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk, and the initiation of action to remove or reduce it. Crime Prevention is an active approach utilizing public awareness and preventive measures to reduce crime† (New York State Police,2015). Preventing crime is one of the biggest goals in the criminal justice system. It all starts at the lowest level which is preventing crime with juvenile delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency is one of the biggest problems that today’s criminal justice system faces. â€Å"In 1899, Cook County, Illinois, set up the country’s first juvenile court. Today, every state has a separate court system for juveniles† (Roberts,2015,p.1). Juveniles are treated differently than an adult when it comes to the courtroom. Children used to beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Juvenile Justice1506 Words   |  7 PagesPortfolio on Juvenile Status Offenders A juvenile status offender is a youth charged with an offense that is not consider a crime if committed by an adult; this would include but not limited to running away from home, curfew violations, underage drinking, skipping school, or beyond a parents control. Status offenders are usually not incarcerated on their first offense, but violating a court order can find them as delinquent who can result in being place in a correction or detention facility. Read MoreJuvenile Delinquency Treatment : Description And Fundamental Principles1452 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Treatment: Description and Fundamental Principles When treating juvenile delinquency the goal is to punish or rehabilitate the problem children after they have offended and been caught. To punish is to induce pain or payment for misconduct, while rehabilitation revolves around productive work pertaining to a program of education, along with counseling of some nature (Musick, 1995, pg. 233). 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Although delinquency rates have decreased dramaticallyRead MoreJuvenile Crime Paper1080 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Crime Paper Malina Wiese CJS/200 December 9,2012 Juvenile Crime Paper Juvenile Court is a tribunal having special authority to try and pass judgments for crimes committed by children or adolescents who have not attained the age of maturity, generally defined as persons under the age of 18 and above the age of 10. Adult Court is a court of law where adults can be tried, and if convicted, face adult punishment such as probation, adult prison, or even the death penalty. Juvenile casesRead MoreThe Effects Of Delinquency On Children s Life1657 Words   |  7 PagesTo say that America has a lot of crime would be a bit of an understatement. Each year, approximately 13 million arrests are made in the United States. Individuals between the ages of 14-17 account for 14 percent of violent crime arrests and 23 percent of property crime arrests. While these percentages may not seem staggering, children between the ages of 14-17 only make up roughly 6 percent of the U.S. population. It is clear that teens commit more crimes than adults, and that if we can reduceRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagespaper is to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the ef fects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and the

Financial Crisis By Mainstream And Heterodox Economists

The occurrence of financial crises following financial reforms is attributed by mainstream economists to economic reforms being incomplete or to their incorrect sequencing. Briefly explain this argument. Focus your briefing note on the reasons advanced particularly by heterodox economists to criticize this argument. The purpose of this note is to briefly examine the different approaches in interpreting the financial crisis by mainstream and heterodox economists. To emphasize the drawbacks in the neoclassical (mainstream) view, and criticize it from the post-Keynesian (major heterodox) viewpoint. The latest financial crisis of 2008 and 2009 will definitely become a cornerstone in the history of economic though and, correspondingly, the development of capitalistic system. It is a turning point as the neoclassical (mainstream) theory that has seemingly been a driver of the late 30 years of development lacks the ability to comprehensively explain the causes of frequent economic downturns, and provide policy implications for preventing crisis from occurring again and again. However, the masterminds of the neoclassical school have suggested some reasonable arguments in favor of free markets, liberalized interest rates, trade, foreign direct investments, privatization, deregulation, and property rights summarized in the list of 10 reforms (John Williamson, 2004) and called for more financial liberalization policies. While the financial markets are liberalized and the realShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Economic Economics1417 Words   |  6 Pagessubject. Economists’ have different views on the world, and they cannot agree on a single viewpoint. There is the popular, mainstream economists, known as the neoclassical economist and there are the heterodox economists’ which covers the nonmainstream views. Although the mainstream economics is the one taught in school, its assumptions are there to achieve a certain outcome. The heterodox economist’s assumptions are based on the fact to eliminate extraneous factors. I believe that heter odox economicsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 23 Things They Don t Tell You About Capitalism ``1638 Words   |  7 Pagescent of economics is common sense made complicated† (Chang, 2011, p xviii). In his book, 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism, Korean economist, Ha-Joon Chang, assaults economic orthodoxy and questions many theories and empirical facts that we take for granted. Written shortly after the ‘credit crunch’ of 2008, Chang argues that this economic crisis was created by the free-market ideology which has been dominant since the 1980s and attempts to remove our rose-tinted glasses that neo-liberalRead MoreThe Theory Of Economic Growth6096 Words   |  25 PagesThe theory of economic growth sparked a revolution that has touched most societies across the globe. (Need to finish the abstract) 2.0 Introduction The aim of this original piece of research is to contribute to the overall understanding of how financial development effects different sources of economic growth alongside the effectiveness of fiscal policy. In highlighting this research direction, a strong literature review is needed to indicate if any gaps exist. As the topic is well researched andRead MoreMacroeconomics Gdp5520 Words   |  23 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) or one of the other national accounts. Economists interested in long-run increases in output study economic growth. Advances in technology, accumulation of machinery and other capital, and better education and human capital all lead to increased economic output over time. However, output does not always increase consistently. Business cycles can cause short-term drops in output called recessions. Economists look for macroeconomic policies that prevent economies from slippingRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pagesthe angle from which it is examined will ensure that Game Theory and Economic Analysis reaches a wide readership. As an established scholar in the area of game theory, Christian Schmidt has produced an authoritative book with contributions from economists of the very highest rank and proï ¬ le, some of them well known beyond the boundaries of the game-theoretic community. Christian Schmidt is Professor at the University of Paris-Dauphine. He has recently published La thà ©orie des jeux: essai d’interprà ©tationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesYork Times Agency for an extract from ‘Guatemala: supermarket giants crush farmers’ by Celia W. Dugger published in The New York Times 28th December 2004. We are grateful to the Financial Times Limited for permission to reprint the following material: Chapter 5 Example, Insurer plans to save  £10m in Indian job shift,  © Financial Times, 12 October 2004. We are grateful to the following for permission to use copyright material: Chapter 5 Case study, Adapted from Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage:

Drama Translation free essay sample

In general, translation is â€Å"rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. † (Newmark 1988, p. 5) However, the mission of a translator of a dramatic work is slightly different from any other literary piece. A dramatic text is written in order to be performed on stage. The translator of such a text has therefore to bear in mind that the readers (i. e. the audience in this case) shall not only follow the written form of the script but also and primarily its poken version. This fact influences the work of a translator to a great extent. He has to chose words that are easily pronounceable by actors and comprehensible to the audience. At the same time he ought to aspire to maintain the meaning and form of the original as much as possible so that the translation represents the goal and effort of the original author. We will write a custom essay sample on Drama Translation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each translator aims at a maximal realistic authenticity, including both the inner (author’s and director’s notes) and outer language of the drama. Translation, the surmounting of the obstacle, is made possible by an equivalence of thought which lies behind the different verbal expressions of a thought. No doubt this equivalence is traceable to the fact that men of all nations belong to the same species. When an Englishman is thinking of the woman whom he describes as ‘my mother’, a Frenchman is thinking of ma mere and a German of meine Mutter. Among normal people the three thoughts will be very similar and will recall the same memories of tenderness, loving care and maternal pride. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator. A translation may add to or omit from the original. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. A translation of verse should be in prose. 13 12. A translation of verse should be in verse. There is a close relationship between the author and the translator of a literary work. Both of them have their own style of writing and expressing their thoughts. Nevertheless, the translator shall always be subordinate to the author whose text is considered the base of a dramatic text and its further stage production. A translation may include any of the idiomatic expressions which are peculiar to its language and which the translator sees fit to adopt; but it needs not, because of this, possess the style which the reader may expect. Style is the essential characteristic of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer’s personality and his emotions at the moment, and no single paragraph can be put together wi thout revealing in some degree the nature of its author. But what is true of the author is true also of the translator. The author’s style, natural or adopted, determines his choice of a word, and, as has been seen, the translator is often compelled to make a choice between alternatives. The choice he makes cannot be reflect, though dimly, his own style. What does the reader expect; what does the critic demand? One of the reasons for a preference for a literal translation is that it is likely to come nearer to the style of the original. It ought to be more accurate; and any copy, whether of a picture or a poem, is likely to be judged by its accuracy.