Euthanasia Essays (2071 words) - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics

Euthanasia Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrong for a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be. Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients under any circumstances. Every human being has a natural inclination to continue living. Canadian and most other law forbids any form of homicide, including euthanasia and it is alleged that assisted suicide does eventually accustom a society to violence. It has been claimed that euthanasia brutalizes a society, as mercy killings are seen as a form of socialized violence. In any case killing a human being is immoral and unethical. Life should be valued, not abused, since everyone is only given one chance to live. Because death is final and irreversible, euthanasia contains within it the possibility that mistakes do happen and in fact an incorrect diagnosis is possible. If society condemns patients who are "terminally ill" and in the end a mistake in the diagnosis is discovered then the suffering and blame would not fall on technology but on society itself. Suffering is surely a terrible thing and society has a clear duty to comfort those in need and to ease their suffering when it can. But suffering is also a natural part of life with values for the individual and for others that we should not overlook. Knowing that a life can be taken at any time will incline people to give up too easily, hence seeking an escape in euthanasia. Killing a human being is not justified under any circumstances, which is why euthanasia should no longer be in practice. Although many countries around the world accept assisted suicide as part of their social norm, the fact remains that any type of murder is illegal in most societies. The American case of "It's over Debbie", in which a gynecology resident gave a lethal injection of morphine to a woman with ovarian cancer, questions the legality of any doctor's intents and actions. First, the resident appears to have committed a felony: premeditated murder. Direct intentional homicide is a felony in all American jurisdictions, for which a plea of merciful motive is no excuse. Second, law aside, the physician behaved altogether in a scandalously unprofessional and unethical manner contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association. He did not know the patient: he had never seen her or her family, he did not study her chart, and he did not converse with her or her physician. He took, as an unambiguous command, her only words to him, "Let's get this over with." Instead of thinking of ways in which he could ease her suffering, he brought her death. This is no humane and thoughtful physician succumbing with fear and trembling to the pressures and wishes of a patient, for which there was truly no other recourse. "This is an impulsive yet cold technician, arrogantly masquerading as a knight of compassion and humanity" who should be punished for his actions. When a patient asks for assistance in dying, and the doctor then gives the patient a lethal injection, there is no way of disguising what is happening. The doctor's intention is clear, this is undoubtedly a killing and not an allowing to die. An essential aspect of euthanasia is that it involves taking a human life of a person who is suffering from some disease of injury from which recovery cannot reasonably be expected. The action is deliberate and intentional as stated in section 231(2) of the Canadian Criminal Code: Murder is first degree when it is planned and deliberate. Section 222(1) of the Criminal Code states: A person commits homicide when, directly or indirectly, by any means, he causes the death of a human being. Therefore, when a doctor injects a lethal injection he is doing so deliberately with the intention to cause death to his patient. Nowhere in the Criminal Code does it state that one can use a merciful plea as a defense for murder. People like Dr. Kevorkian of Michigan, who continue masquerading as"helpful god" to assist terminally ill patient in death, should be incarcerated for breaking the law. If society allows one or two or three people get away with cold-blooded murder, then a sure downfall will follow.

The Economic Aspects of Required Textbooks

The Economic Aspects of Required Textbooks Hashtag: #BudgetBooks The process of determining which books are to be used in a school classroom is historically controversial. The study shows that textbooks in elementary and high school are often acquired based on economic and political reasons rather than educational considerations. Moreover, major textbook publishers often influence school decision about required or supplementary text. If the school adopted the new book as required text then students have to buy it. This, in reality, is helping publisher make money out of school adoption. However, not all students can buy required books and many actually result to borrowing books from libraries, friends, photocopying text, or buying used second-hand books. In some developing countries, for instance, the teacher has the only textbook in the class. In particular, most public school systems  are underfunded and cannot provide new books. The lack of reading materials is further complicated by the fact that these students are relying on outdated materials. For instance, findings of study conducted in developing Asian countries suggests that lack of textbooks and adequate teaching and learning materials result in low student achievement. In contrast, students’ achievement was higher in schools with more textbooks. Teachers are â€Å"gatekeepers† of academic books or the people who have the knowledge and power to recommend the most appropriate textbook for their class. Teachers are powerful actors shaping the content that students are likely to use in their studies. They influence students’ decisions on the kind of books to read and prevent them from wasting time and money on buying books that are not essential to specific classroom tasks. Benefits of Second Hand and Used Books Books required in higher education are often expensive but bookstores nowadays are selling new and used books. Some student government operated bookstores are also selling used books at a much cheaper price than those offered in regular bookstores. Most of these books were collected from â€Å"book drives†, a campaign where discarded books are deposited in a donation bin at school. College students’ organizations are also selling and buying used books. Book exchange provides opportunities for people to sell back their used books at a reasonable price. Students can also buy from online bookstores and wait for shipping. Books, regardless of age are reliable and accurate sources of information. Most teachers depend on books for factual, scholarly, and in-depth inquiry. Old but gently used books are a good source of reading materials and facilitate extensive reading at home. Inequities in students’ access to books outside the classroom can be resolved by soliciting used books. In fact, many persevering and diligent teachers built their classroom libraries from used books purchased by parent-teacher organizations from garage sales. This library of used books contains easily accessible multicultural literature that can help students see themselves, appreciate their own and others culture and language. Book Fairs are not only great way to collect, sell, and raise funds but influential in motivating people to read. Book Swap, on the other hand, enhances social networks of literary enthusiast. Similarly, book hunting through garage sales encouraged students to read some or all the books they find during school break.

Physics (Electron Physics and X-ray Tomography) Coursework - 1

Physics (Electron Physics and X-ray Tomography) - Coursework Example gher than that of the photon attraction for the jump to take place from K-shell to the L-shell, loosely bound electrons from L moves into the K-shell to replace the ejected electron. When a lot of high incident energy are directed to an atom, many electrons are emitted and forms the x-rays. Bremsstrahlung is the process of slowing down primary radiatin; X-ray is produced by radiations when electrons are retarded or decelerated2.. The radiation becomes intense and attains higher frequencies with increase in energy of bombarding electrons. The colliding electrons shifts electrons from high-energy shell to low energy shells, the rapid replacement by electrons from outer shells create a clearly defined x-ray. The curve shown below was produced by analysing the nature of radiation produced by bombarding electrons from four distinct energy levels against a tungsten target. The graph is used to relate the intensity of x-rays emitted and the wavelength for accurate x-ray photographing. The figure above shows X-ray spectrograph when copper is used as the target material, the intensity of the photon have linear relation with the wavelength. The intensity rises to peak then starts to slope downwards; high accelerating voltage causes the peak to rise sharply, as shown by Kp, KÃŽ ±, LP and LÃŽ ±. X-ray tube functions as energy converting system that converts electric energy into x-ray radiation and heat. Heat3 is the undesired product of the process; the conversion takes place in x-ray tube. The components of x-ray tube includes The higher the amount of current the higher the intensity of x-rays emitted since more of electrons are displaced from the high energy levels. In the case above, 5mA produces much lower intensity of X-rays as compared to 100mA since the rate of electron displacement is high in the first case characterized by the high peak of 100mA current4. b) Attenuation by photoelectric effect result from interaction between Photons and Matter. Photons are

Discover How the everyday operations of the press intersect with the Assignment

Discover How the everyday operations of the press intersect with the political system and with government affairs - Assignment Example The contentious issue here is if the data collected is kept in a secure place and not prone to misuse. Also, whether there are substantial laws to guard against misuse of this data (Hicks n.p). In a story by Rosalind Helderman highlights the challenges Scott Walker faces in his ambition of being a presidential runner in 2016. Scott who is the Wisconsin Governor faces two court cases that may undermine his chances in the presidential race. One case is centered on his â€Å"ex-aide’s e-mails† whereby â€Å"questions arise about the extent he encouraged interaction between his 2010 campaign and his official aides†. Even though he emerges victorious in this e-mail probe prosecutors are also looking if his â€Å"successful recall campaign illegally coordinated with independent conservative groups†. Him being able to walk free from these allegations will boost his chances and earn him strong influence (Helderman n.p). In a story by Johnson and Craighill on latest poll opinion on the federal government healthcare bill in the state of Maryland; show that majority of the residents supports the law (55% support). However nationally there are varying opinions. Maryland’s huge support is probably because the number of democrats is high and they strongly advocate for passing of the law. Maryland’s online health insurance has been faced with various technical difficulties and hasn’t been successful as anticipated by the state officials (Johnson n.p). Laura Ingrahm gives an opinion on reasons conservatives should base in rejecting the immigration reform. The statistics show that most immigrants are in support of the democrats thus could not benefit the conservatives at all. Laura stresses on the need of using facts and experiences to weigh the benefits accruing from a new policy instead of relying on sentiments and dreams. Also that the recent politicians are fanatics and trusting them with important boarder laws is such a bad idea. Hence, if

Women Rock Musician in History from the beginning in Unites States Essay

Women Rock Musician in History from the beginning in Unites States - Essay Example Rock and roll resulted from the convergence of rhythm, blues, and country musical genres plus a series of hi-tech developments, which creates an innovative market for the music. Blues are known to have developed from songs sung by African-Americans while working; they had originally been brought to the USA as slaves. While working at plantations, they used to communicate by means of â€Å"call and response,† fooling the plantation owners, saying that the music was happy though they actually used it to discuss issues about the owners; and just as rhythm and blues developed from blues, rock and roll developed from rhythm and blues (R&B). Among the great women that have made a contribution in the history rock and roll especially when it comes to playing instruments in bands or in singles included; Wanda Jackson (guitarist), Nancy Wilson (guitarist), Meg White (Pianist), Bonnie Rait (guitarist), and, other artists of today like Lady Gaga, who started playing the piano at a tender age and Taylor Swift who plays the guitar. Some of the technological advancements during the commencement of rock and roll in the 1940s included phonographs, which were initially bulky and could be damaged easily, so most people were tired of them, even though they were common. However, during the same time when rock and roll started, significant transformations were evident; the records that primarily played at 78 rpm (rounds per minute) were enhanced, and those that replaced them played at 33 and 45rpm, making them less bulky and easy to handle. American Rock (United States Rock) Women played key roles in the growth and development of the rock and roll genre, starting with early blues artists like Ma Rainey (Mother of the blues) and Bessie Smith (Vocalist from the black community), who were surprisingly the only women who recorded blues in the 1920’s, and Mother Maybelle Carter who recorded the first country music in 1927. These three plus other prominent women put on great effort towards establishing equality and basic human rights for the female gender emphasizing on the right to vote and working towards social justice (National Museum of Women Arts, 1). Moreover, other women involved in the campaign included; Ruth Brown and Lavern Baker (R&B singers), the famous rockabilly queen Wanda Jackson, Mahalia Jackson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe who mastered the guitar by the age of six, Memphis Minnie and Billie Holiday; some of who were talented and creative when it came to the different genres and were definitely trailblazers of rock and roll in the 50s. Significantly, as from 1950, rock and roll dominated most of the other music genres, making it a major force in American record sales, and crooners such as Patti Page found themselves pulled out of the pop charts due to the development and growth of rock and roll artists (Saatchi Gallery 1). Rock and roll bands and artists that dominated the pop charts during the 1950s included the Shirelles and the Supremes hence later on there were others like Janis Joplin, Grace Slick, Joni Mitchell, Carole King and Laura Nyro who ruled in the 1970s, setting a platform for the artists that are there today i.e. Carrie Underwood. Concomitantly, as rock and roll advanced, more divisions of it continued to emerge, such as surf music, which involved instrumental rock and roll, garage rock that was in the form of amateurish rock music, blues rock that often emulated jazz, folk rock that was identified with progressive or labor politics, and country rock that emulated country music. Others not so common were roots rock, psychedelic rock and southern rock, and by the 1970s there had been more such as progressive rock, glam rock, soft and hard rock (that are even common today), early

Industrialized Building Systems in Malaysia

Industrialized Building Systems in Malaysia Industrialised Building System does not have a commonly-approved definition. There are a few definitions by authors who studied into this area previously were found through literature emphasizing on prefabrication, off-site production and mass production of building components (Rahman Omar, 2006) (Warszawski, 1999) (Trikha,1999). This method will enable cost saving and quality improvement through the reduction of labour intensity and construction standardisation. Apart from this, it offers minimal wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction costs. In other countries, IBS is known as off-site construction, offsite manufacturing and pre-fabrication. The used components are pre-fabricated. Successful IBS implementations in the world are Sekisui Home (Japan), Living Solution (United Kingdom), Open House (Sweden) and Wenswonen (Netherlands) (Oostra Joonson, 2007). In Malaysia, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has classified the IBS system into 5 categories as follows (IBS Roadmap, 2003): Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems Steel Formwork Systems Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems Steel Framing Systems Blockwork Systems IBS has been introduced in Malaysia since early 1960s by the use of pre-cast concrete beam-column element and panelised system (Thanoon, 2003). The projects in Jalan Pekeliling, Kuala Lumpur and Rifle Range, Penang used Danish System and French Estoit System respectively. However, due to the leaking issue and high cost in producing panel components the technologies did not take off as planned. IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was developed and published to steer the direction of IBS implementation and promotion activities and guide the practitioners and policy makers on IBS related issues (IBS Roadmap, 2003). The importance of IBS was highlighted under the Strategic Thrust 5 of the Construction Industry Master Plan 2006-2015 (CIMP 2006-2015) which has been published as means to chart the future direction of the Malaysian construction industry in 2006 (CIMP, 2006). Problem Statement IBS Survey 2003 stated only 15% of construction projects used IBS in Malaysia (IBS Survey, 2003). IBS Mid Term Review in 2007 indicated that approximately only 10% of the complete projects used IBS in the year 2006 as compared to forecasting IBS usage of 50 % in 2006 and 70% in year 2008 as projected in the roadmap (Hamid et al 2008). The availability of cheap foreign labour which offset the cost benefit of using IBS is a main cause of the slow adoption (Kamar et al 2010). According to Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, at June 2007, 69% (552,000) out of total 800,000 of registered workers is foreign workers (CIDB, 2007). It is a huge number which distress the stability and growth of domestic economy and created social problems. Besides, small contractors are already familiar with the conventional system and for them the technology suit well with small scale projects and therefore not willing to switch to mechanised based system. Furthermore, small contractors lack financial backup and are not able to set up their own manufacturing plants as it involves very intensive capital investment (Rahman Omar, 2006). It was highlighted by many that the idealism, processes and management and skill sets behind IBS is differs from the traditional method. Lack of knowledge in IBS construction technology is equally important. There are cases, where building projects are awarded and constructed using IBS system but were contribute to the project delays and bad qualities. This has leaves the industry with a noticeable difficulties when using IBS. As a result, the industry is reluctant to embrace in IBS unless it is required by the clients. A wider understanding on the characteristics and what is involved in IBS is needed. By using the old processes is now critical if the industry is to move forward. The industry requires change management to encourage new mindset. A STUDY INTO FACTOR OF SLOW ADOPTION OF INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS) IN MALAYSIA Aims Objectives The aim of this study is to identify the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. The following will be the objective: To identify/determine cost issue is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. To identify/determine low standardization of IBS component is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia To identify/determine lack of knowledge of IBS is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. To identify/determine negative perception to IBS is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. Hypothesis Cost issue is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. Low standardization of IBS component is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. Lack of knowledge of IBS is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. Scope of Study Research Methodology Literature Review In the beginning, literature review was conducted to determine an overall idea of Industrialized Building System. The data and information will be collected from books, journals, dissertations, and information from internet. These materials will be used as background study to understand about the topic. By having all the information, it wills shows the critical path and leads to the research purpose. Questionnaire Survey The questionnaire survey method is used for data collection. The questionnaire will be distributed to the construction players such as developer, consultant and contractor. The respondents will be asked about their knowledge on Industrialized Building System (IBS), the preference of promotion and marketing of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia in the future and why they are choosing or not choosing to use Industrialized Building System (IBS). Interview Interview was conducted to understand the market needs and to understand more about IBS. The target of interview will be CIDB officer, developer, consultant and contractor. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Industrialized Building Systems in Malaysia Malaysia construction industry is now being developed from conventional construction methods towards more effective construction method. Through the Ninth Malaysias Plan, the Malaysias government is encouraging the usage of Industrialized Building System (IBS) as an alternative to the conventional construction method. IBS is a construction method consisting of assembling separate structural components on the site. In IBS, the suitable size of IBS components such as beams and columns are very critical. Besides that, the type of connection between the structural element play the key role to make sure the building is functional, economic and safe. The structural member and connection used should be able to transfer any load applied without having severe damage. The Malaysias government through the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has a strategic plan to improve the effectiveness and productivity of the construction in Malaysia. It can be achieve by introducing the IBS into the Construction Industry. During the early use of IBS in Malaysia, there is several problem occur. The IBS usage in the building construction is much lower than the infrastructure. The system is more expensive. Besides, leaking is a major problem and it has less aesthetic appearance. In 1960s, there is no comprehensive plan that can be used as guidance to the construction industry. So, the industry is depending to the existing conventional technology that needs high quantity of labour. In order to make Malaysia as a develop industry country in the year 2020, Roadmap IBS is conducted by CIDB with collaboration of the Public Work Department of Malaysia. The roadmap has been released in 29 October 2003. The Roadmap IBS is made as guidance and reference to all activities that help the industrialization of the Malaysias construction sector. 2.1.1 Types of Industrialized Building System in Malaysia According to CIDB Malaysia (2001), the IBS is a construction process that utilizes techniques, products, components, or building systems which involve prefabricated components and on-site installation. Base on the structural aspects of the system, IBS can be identified into five major groups: Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems Precast concrete elements are the most common IBS type. There are precast concrete columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent concrete formworks. Besides, it is also consist of 3D components such as balconies, staircases, toilets, lift chamber, refuse chamber and etc (CIDD Malaysia, 2001). Steel Formwork Systems They generally involve site casting, and therefore subjected to structural quality control. So, it is considered as the low level or the least prefabrication IBS types. However, this system does offer high quality finishes and fast construction with less site labour and material requirement. These include tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beam and column moulding forms and permanent steel formwork like metal decks (CIDD Malaysia, 2001). Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems The products of prefabricated timber framing system are timber building frame and timber roof truss. Among these two timber roof truss is more popular. Timber building frame also have its own niche market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts (CIDD Malaysia, 2001). Steel Framing Systems This system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams. This systems have always been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Recent development in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections (CIDD Malaysia, 2001). Blockwork Systems By using this effective alternative system, the tedious and time consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionized by the development and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks (CIDD Malaysia, 2001). 2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrialized Building System By using IBS, the manufacturer can provide quality controlled end products through the controlled prefabrication process. The IBS required simple on-site installation. Besides, it can provide faster completion of construction. This is because IBS using the standardized prefabricated components. Another advantage of IBS is it will create a neater, cleaner and safer construction site. There will be reduction on the construction debris, site workers and materials involved on the construction site when using prefabricated components. For a long term period, IBS will be a cost saving construction method. The formwork that are made by steel and aluminium allow for repetitive use and this leads to considerable cost saving. Besides, IBS also have the flexibility of design. It can provide some additional aesthetic value to the project design and at the same time provide higher quality and better finishes. IBS also have its disadvantages. The initial cost of IBS is usually high. The initial cost is for supporting machinery and factory. The prefabrication system relies greatly on sophisticated machineries, which have to be well controlled and maintained by skilled operators. Problem of joints is one of the major problems in building constructed using IBS which leads to water leakage. Producing IBS components require a large working area for setting up factory, machineries and storage to store the component. IBS may also cause delay because of supply delay and shortage of raw materials. Delay may also happen due to lack of expertise. 2.2 Cost issues 2.2.1 Incentives for Industrialized Building System (IBS) are not sufficient Giving out incentive is one of the ways to attract more IBS user. The government through CIDB has introduced exemption of the construction levy (levy 0.125 % of total cost of the project according to Article 520) as an incentive on contractors that used IBS at least 50% IBS components in construction of new residential project since 1st January 2007 (CIDB, 2010). Even though, there is only a slight increase in the number of IBS user. This can say that the incentives for IBS are not sufficient. IBS adoption requires more pull and push factors from the government. Changing from conventional method to IBS was not possible due to the small profit margin unless more attractive incentive systems and benefits which can attract the conventional user to IBS (Kamar et al 2010). 2.2.2 The availability of cheap foreign labour The availability of cheap foreign labour which offset the cost benefit of using IBS is a main cause of the slow adoption. As long as the industry can easily to obtain foreign workers, the labour rates will remain low and contractor will find it is unattractive to change from conventional method to IBS (Kamar et al 2010). ÂÂ  With high demand for construction activities in previous years, the industry has attracted a huge number of foreign workers into this country to take up employment on site as unskilled labour doing manual jobs. According to Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, at June 2007, 69% (552,000) out of total 800,000 of registered workers is foreign workers. It is a huge number which distress the stability and growth of domestic economy and created social problems. The locals are reluctant to join the industry due to the low salary scheme being offered to foreign workers and wrong image projected by the industry. Therefore, government put in place measures to encourage industries to move-up the value chain and, where possible, to automate and mechanise their operations and in areas where automation and mechanisation was not possible, efforts were being made to replace foreign workers with skilled workforce (Kamar, 2010). 2.2.3 High Initial Investment Capital Many small contractors are reluctant to adopt IBS system and prefer to continue using the conventional method of construction. This is due to the fact that small contractors lack of financial backup and are not able to set up their own manufacturing plants as it requires huge investment capital. In this case, financial issues become the main obstacle for small contractors to move forward with the IBS system (Rahman Omar, 2006). In the perspective of components manufacturer, IBS construction requires high initial investment capital for them to purchase new machinery, mould, importing foreign technology and wages of skilled operator for installation process (Thanoon et al. 2003). 2.3 Low Standardisation of components Low standardisation of components also hinders successful use of IBS. The tailor-made components which do not fit into another project will increase initial costs due to the cost of the mould and design. Lack of standardisation was due to a lack of a certification and accreditation scheme on IBS and the poor response to Modular Coordination (MC) promotion under MS 1064. Modular Coordination (MC) is defined as a coordinated unified system for dimensioning space, components, fitting, etc. so that all elements fit together without cutting or extending even when the components and fittings are manufactured by different suppliers (Trikha, 1999). The dimensional control of building is very important because it is necessary to place the building parts so they can fit and function properly. In the conventional construction practice, the control of dimension is relatively simple. However, due to the industrialization of construction scenario, the structural component is prefabricated. The dimensional coordination of these components is importance. The full benefit of industrialization is impossible without standardization. No effective standardization is possible in the building industry without dimensional coordination (Warszawski, 1999). Modular coordination system will be pursued aggressively in next millennium in order to make housing delivery be more efficient since components can be systematically factory-built and installed on-site. This will help to reduce the industrys dependence on foreign labour. All buildings are to be designed according to modular coordination principles as laid down in Malaysian Construction Standard 1 and 2 (Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia, 1999). MC is an industrial friendly construction method. Its able to cater for manufacturing, transportation and assemble requirements. MC has high quality finished products and minimal wastage. It also has faster completion due to replacement from conventional systems to prefabricated components. Its application can produce neater, cleaner and safer sites due to reduction of construction debris, site workers and materials. This construction method just required less use of heavy equipment during the construction. The heavy equipment is needed for the assembly purpose only. The implementation of MC may improve the productivity of construction industry through industrialization. MC can facilitate guidance to building component sizing. This can reduce as much as possible the need to further trim and shape of the materials to fit together in construction in economics of scale. Thus, it can reduce the wastage of labour and materials. Besides, the mass production of building components at factories can ensure a good quality and consistent workmanship. It does also can simplify the site operation by rationalizing, setting out, positioning and assembling of building components at the site. Through standardization, an increasing number of building components may be prefabricated. MC can facilitate the achievement of greater production in the building industry by its ability to discipline the dimensional and coordination of building and its components. Its allowed for a more flexible open industrial system to take place. Standardization not only leads to flexibility in the manufacturing and assembly process but also promises saving in time, energy, material and cost to the designers and the builders. 2.4 Lack of knowledge and to IBS technology Lack of knowledge in structural analysis and design of pre-fabricated components among civil engineers and those related to construction discourages further implementation of IBS system. Knowledge in construction technology is equally important. There are cases where building projects are awarded and constructed using IBS system but were carried out with many difficulties. The most common problems encountered are improper assembly of the components that normally involved the beam-to-beam and column-to-base connections. These problems arise due to the fact that the parties involved in the construction underestimate the important of accuracy in setting out the alignment and levelling of the bases. Basically, accurate levelling and alignment of the bases are the two most important aspects for the successful rapid erection of precast concrete components. Other related technical issues are lack of knowledge capability in designing the details of ties and connections of the pre-fabricated components particularly in precast concrete construction. Poor connection system may cause problem to site work such that the connections cannot be joined properly due to poor construction details (Goodier Gibb, 2004). There are many cases where buildings were designed to imitate the conventional reinforced concrete structural system. This concept results in exposed steel beams and columns. Eventually this invites many serviceability problems such as leakage. Rain water can easily seep into the internal building through the joint between the wall and steel beam. Dampness leads to corrosion to the lighting system and the steel beam. Specialized and additional engineering knowledge will be required to design, manufacture and construct a good IBS system. All parties involved from designers to erectors must have enough knowledge about the pre-fabricated component based construction. In terms of design, the engineer must have competent knowledge in analysis and design. In the construction field, the contractors and site engineers must have enough knowledge on the safe and accurate methods of erecting and assembling loose components into a global structure. Therefore, a broader and comprehensive training program must be taken on board to cater vast demand in these specialised skills (Clarke, 2002) References CIDB, CIDB News, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Publication, first quarters 2010, 2010 Kamar, K. A. M., Mohd Idrus Din, Noraini Bahri, Mohd Azmi Dzulkifly, Mohd Rizal Norman, and Zuhairi Abd Hamid. The adoption of Industrialised Building System (IBS) construction in Malaysia: The history, policies, experiences and lesson learned, 2010 Kamar, K. A. M (2010) A Project Management Guideline for the Implementation of IBS, IEM Professional Engineer Report CIDB Malaysia, Manual for Assessment of Industrialised Building Systems, CIDB, Kuala Lumpur, 2001. Clarke, L. (2002) Standardisation and Skills; A translational study of skill, education and training for pre-fabrication in housing, University of Westminster Business School, London Goodier, C. Gibb, A. (2004) Barriers and Opportunities for Offsite Production, PROSPA, Loughborough University, Loughborough Trikha (1999). Industrialised Building System: Prospect in Malaysia. Proceeding of World Engineering Congress, Kuala Lumpur. Warszawski (1999). Industrialised and Automated Building System. Israel: Techinion-Israel Institute of Technology Construction Industry Master Plan 2006-2015 (CIMP 2006-2015) (2006), Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, December 2006, Kuala Lumpur Hamid, Z. A., Kamar, K. A. M., Zain, M. Z. M., Ghani, M. K. and Rahim, A. H. A. (2008) Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Malaysia: The Current State and RD Initiatives Malaysian Construction Research Journal (MCRJ), 2 (1), 1-11. IBS Roadmap (2003-2010) (2003) Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), Kuala Lumpur IBS Survey 2003 (2003), Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB), Kuala Lumpur Oostra, M., Joonson, C., C. (2007) Best practices: Lesson Learned on Building Concept (edited by) Kazi, A. S., Hannus, M., Boudjabeur, S., Malone, A. (2007), Open Building Manufacturing Core Concept and Industrial Requirement, Manubuild Consortium and VTT Finland Publication, Finland Rahman, A. B. A, Omar, W. (2006) Issues and Challenges in the Implementation of IBS in Malaysia. Proceeding of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC 2006) 5-6 September 2006 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Thanoon, W. A. M., Peng, L. W., Abdul Kadir, M. R., Jaafar, M.S. and Salit, M.S. (2003), The Experiences of Malaysia and Other Countries in Industrialised Building System in Malaysia, Proceeding on IBS Seminar, UPM, Malaysia

The Foils of Hamlet :: Hamlet

The Foils of Hamlet Hamlet is dominated by an emotion which is inexpressible, because it is in excess of the facts as they appear.... We should have to understand things which Shakespeare did not understand himself." T.S. Eliot (Hamlet and His Problems) In the play Hamlet [Titles] by William Shakespeare the cast of main characters use the support given to them by the foils to enhance the play. A foil is a minor character who by simulations [?] and differences reveals character, and who, as an element of plot, is there for the more important character to talk to (vevra [sic] ). Such an example is Laertes is a foil to Hamlet. [SS -1] [Is the last sentence in this paragraph the thesis?] Before the events of the play Ophelia[,] the daughter of Polonius and sister of Laertes, tells us that Hamlet was a model courtier, soldier, and scholar, ["?]The glass of fashion and the mould of form, Th’ observed of all observers."( pg 676) [Citation] With the death of his farther [sic] and the hasty remarriage of his mother to mother [sic & sloppy] to his uncle, throws Hamlet into a frustrated state were [where-H50] he lashes out at evil he sees and then relapse into a suicidal misery. [SS] It is in the [this?] state of mind that he meets the ghosts [more than one?] of his father. When he meets the ghost he isn’t afraid of the ghost but instead wants to confront the ghost face to face. It is at this point in the play were [that] Hamlet finds out that his uncle murdered his father[.] [How does this paragraph relate to foils?] A foil to Hamlet is Laertes. Laertes who likes Hamlet [a sloppy error which sends the reader into wondering about homosexuality in the play] has returned to Elsinor because of King Hamlet’s death. Laertes is a young man whose good instincts have been somewhat unclear by the concern of his superficial [??????], which he has learned from his father, Polonius. Such is the case when Hamlet taunts him for his poor performance, at the fencing match. The taunting hurts Laetes['] pride and this shows how insecure he actually is. Like his father[,] Laertes apparently preaches a morality he does not practice and fully believes in a double standard of behavior for the sexes.

Motivating Middle School Boys

Motivation of Middle School Boys in Math Class Abstract Middle school is a time of physical, emotional and social change for boys. When students hit middle school, academics tend to take a back seat to all of the new activity in their lives. For boys, middle school is increasingly difficult. In addition to the physical and emotional changes, the academic curriculum becomes more challenging and rigid. This does not align with a typical boy's learning style. Many boys in middle school are struggling through hard times at home.Situations may include challenges such as little to no parental support, poverty, and malnutrition. With all of the possible circumstances disrupting their home lives, it is hard for these boys to concentrate on how to solve an equation in math class. Teachers need to motivate boys by providing relevant, hands-on curriculum. Three ways that teachers can do this is by including family members in the classroom, using friendly competition in the form of games and con tests, and by relating mathematical lessons and material to real-life situations and interests that the boys might have. IntroductionBy seventh grade, most students have had years of poor attendance, little parental support, and many other issues related to poverty. They simply do not see the importance of mathematics in everyday life and how math can lead to better things for them. Males, in particular, want to continue the lifestyle they were raised in; showing little to no effort when it comes to the math classroom. This paper discusses three reasons why mathematics teachers should incorporate meaningful motivation strategies as a tool to motivate middle school males in the mathematics classroom. Including Family in the ClassroomOne way that teachers can help to motivate boys in the middle school classroom is to include their families in the classroom. The relationship between family and school influences the academic achievement of middle school students. These family relationsh ips and parental involvement mold students’ educational development drastically. Murdock and Miller (2003) refer to family as a major influence in how middle school boys deal with learning, peers, and motivation. They state â€Å"families play the most important role in students’ lives as they transition from elementary school to middle school†.The absence of a parent can play a very important role in the success of a student, so when the student sees that there is a connection between the classroom and their family, they are motivated to succeed. Middle school math teachers should try their best to create a sense of family cohesion and teamwork in the classroom. Teachers can do this by always making sure parents are aware of what is happening in the classroom, keeping the lines of communication open, and even incorporating projects that might need the student to work with a member of their family to complete it.Haim Ginott’s theory of congruent communica tion states that teachers should always use communication that is harmonious with students’ feelings about situations (Charles, 2008). This can be applied to idea of including families in the classroom because teachers need to keep the lines of communication open not only with their students, but with their students’ families. By taking the time to talk to students about situations arising in the classroom, it will be easy for teachers to communicate with parents about similar situations and the lack of motivation within the classroom.When students know that their families are involved in their academics, they are more inclined to succeed in the classroom. Introduce Competition Next, a second way that teachers can help to motivate middle school boys while in the classroom is to include the use of different games and contests. Most boys respond well to competition with their peers. They will force one another to greater speeds, improved accuracy and higher achievement i n the name of winning. Boys thrive on competition, so any type of game or activity that allows them to go against a peer in a competitive manner will motivate them to perform.In the following quote, Conti explains why he believes that competitions in the math classroom can spark an interest in math for boys. â€Å"Mathematics competitions are probably the extracurricular academic programs with the widest participation. The most immediate value of these math contests is obvious – they pique students’ interest in mathematics and encourage them to value intellectual pursuits. Boys love games, and many will turn just about any activity into a contest, or in other words, something to get good at.Math contests thus inspire them to become good at mathematics just like sports encourage physical fitness. Eventually, students put aside the games. By then, hopefully an interest in the underlying activity has developed† (Conti, 2001). Teachers should create competitions by having students race against one another to solve math problems or turning a test review into a basketball game, allowing students to shoot a basket for every correct answer. The teacher could also place students in groups and award points based on certain behaviors and completed tasks.A prize would be awarded to the group with the highest score at the end of the week. Jacob Kounin would agree with this point based on his theory of lesson momentum and withitness. Kounin believes that classroom teachers should be able to do a multitude of things at one time, including presenting motivating and engaging lessons, managing the class, and being aware of the classroom surroundings (Charles, 2008). He states that good teachers keep students from getting bored or otherwise frustrated with lessons.By including competition in the form of games and contests in the classroom, the teacher is able to keep the boys motivated with a lesson while still controlling the needs of the class. When boys k now they have a chance to show off their skills by winning something, they will immediately become engaged and motivated to participate. Provide Connections to Real-Life Therefore, a third way that middle school math teachers can motivate boys within the classroom is to connect the material to real-life applications.Students, particularly those who come from backgrounds that undervalue education, will benefit from this strategy. Stein (1993) expressed his belief in real-world connections revolving around math lessons by stating â€Å"Because students often feel that mathematics is the subject least relevant to their daily lives, it is an important arena in which teachers can attempt to incorporate students’ funds of knowledge in the context of culturally relevant mathematics instruction†. For middle school boys, school itself is often the least important factor in their lives.Teachers can tap into their focus by relating topics to important interests in their lives. On e way for teachers to do that is to use democratic teaching; a theory of Rudolf Dreikurs. Democratic teaching occurs in a classroom in which the teacher and students work together to make decisions about how the class will function (Charles, 2008). This applies to the idea of connecting math with real-world situations. Students want to know how what they are learning will benefit them in their future lives.By brainstorming different topics and careers that the students are interested in, the teacher can then develop lessons that explain how those interests or careers are affected by mathematics. Teachers should show boys how math affects their everyday lives in areas such as: household maintenance, calculating car mileage, budgeting, making larger purchases (cars and houses), or solving problems that are important to them. Connecting math to future careers can also help to motivate boys in math class.Many unmotivated boys do not realize the importance of math for success in college or the role that math plays in careers that are not overtly math-oriented. Stein also claimed that by using problems that interest and excite the students' curiosity, students are keen to develop important problem-solving strategies. These strategies can be applied in everyday situations, not just in the mathematics classroom. Conclusion The use of meaningful and male-related motivational strategies in middle school mathematics classrooms are a great way to motivate and help boys succeed.Most boys are very intelligent when it comes to numbers and math, however it may seem â€Å"too cool† to get good grades and to apply yourself. Middle school is where students generally begin to find themselves, and a determined teacher can help to motivate students to choose the right path. A teacher’s responsibility is to make sure they have done everything in their power to help their students succeed. This means reaching out to parents, changing lessons to fit the needs of the unmo tivated students in the classroom, and changing your classroom management strategies to help engage and excite the students.With little to no parental support or guidance for many boys in the classroom, a male math teacher may be exactly what these boys need. But will these same strategies work with a female math teacher? References: Charles, C. M. (2008). Twentieth-Century Pioneers in Classroom Discipline. Building Classroom Discipline (Ninth Edition). Boston: Pearson. Conti, R. , Collins, M. A. , & Picariello, M. L. (2001). The impact of competition on intrinsic motivation and creativity: Considering gender, gender segregation nd gender role orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(8), 1273- 1289 Grossman, H. (2004). Classroom behavior management for diverse and inclusive schools. (3rd edition). Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. Murdock, T. , Miller, A. (2003). Teachers as Sources of Middle School Students’ Motivational Identity: Variable-Centered and Person-Ce ntered Analytic Approaches. The Elementary School Journal, 103(4), 383-399. Stein, S. L. (1993). Young's vision. The Mathematics Teacher, 86, 330-333.

Become an Architect! What You Need to Know

Become an Architect! What You Need to Know Would you like to become an architect? What classes should you take in school? How do you get started in your career? And (we have to ask) how much money are you likely to earn? All in one place, here are the most frequently asked questions about careers in architecture with links to common sense answers. The advice comes from architects who have participated in our online discussions, with additional comments from Dr. Lee W Waldrep, an Architectural Education Consultant and author of Becoming an Architect. 13 Things Aspiring Architects Should Know Aspiration, inspiration, and respiration- all of these words come from the same root, the Latin word spirare, to breathe. People who aspire to join the world of architecture live and breathe what is called the built environment. Could that describe you? Here are some questions to consider: What is an architect? What types of work does an architect do? How do architects spend their time? Is architecture a licensed profession?How much do architects earn? What is the average starting salary for an architect? Do architects earn as much as doctors and lawyers? What is the average income for an architect? Is a degree in architecture worth the cost? Should students consider choosing a more lucrative profession? What are the future prospects for architects?What can I do with a major in architecture? What jobs can I get if I study architecture in college? What careers use architecture skills? If I dont become a licensed architect, will my degree in architecture go to waste?To be an architect, what subjects should I take in high school? Can I begin preparing for a career in architecture while Im still in my teens? What courses will help me get ready for college? What classes will look impressive on my college application?Where are the best colleges to study architecture? Where c an I find college rankings and how important are they? Which schools are ranked high for architecture and does it matter? What features should I look for when I choose a college? What is accreditation? How can I find out whether a college or university is accredited? If I study architecture, what is the college curriculum like? What classes are required to earn a degree in architecture?  Will I have to study a lot of math? Will I have to take science classes?What books do you recommend for architecture students? What are some of the most important reference books for architecture? What books do professors and architecture students often recommend?Can I study architecture online? Can I educate myself about architecture by taking online courses and watching videos? Can I get college credit by taking online courses?  Can I earn an architecture degree by taking classes on the Internet? Where can I find free college courses?After college how do I start a career in architecture? Will I become an architect as soon as I earn a degree? What tests will I need to take to become licensed? What are the other requirements?What is a Building Designer? Are building designers always architects? Can I become a building designer without earning a degree in arch itecture? What are the licensing requirements to become a Professional Home Designer? Will I need a degree in architecture? What courses should I take? How did architecture become a licensed profession? Did Frank Lloyd Wright have a degree in architecture? Why do architects today have to pass so many requirements? When did the examination process for architects begin?What do the letters after an architects name mean? Why do some architects put AIA or FAIA after their names? What does the acronym CPBD mean? What other  acronymns are important in the building and design professions?Are you interested in architecture? If you are in high school, would you be excited about Six Weeks of Lessons? Or would you just tolerate it? Youve got to love it. Breathe it. Do you have what it takes? French architect Jean Nouvel acknowledged his parents when he accepted the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2008. They taught me to look, to read, to think and to express what I think, Nouvel said. So, begin with the basics. What qualities make a great architect? Here are a few more comments from some seasoned professionals with ideas to share: A good architect should think more by his heart than brain. He should consider each clients dream as if it is his own....An architect must have interest in the surroundings. When others see land, you, as an architect, should see a plan, ideas, and design.Architecture takes passion and dedication together with creativity.What qualities make a great architect? The one who possesses a great understanding of other fields other than arts and architecture.Imagination, creativity, and passion. Having these three qualities is very important in an architect. Architecture is art.An architect must be a planner every time, every day, everywhere, every movement, to achieve the great wishes.To feel emotion and question it. To see the need and do it. To ask the question when all is complete: Was all done that needed to be done?A good architect must be optimistic. A great architect is not made by way of a brain nearly so much as he is made by way of a cultivated, enriched heart.An architect should b e organized, creative, and resourceful. An architect is a person who should be able to handle many co-related jobs simultaneously. Who should have knowledge of geography, history, sociology, and psychology. And capabilities of learning about new building materials in the market, learning about everything, in addition to thinking and designing. Source Jean Nouvel 2008 Laureate Acceptance Speech at pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/file_fields/field_files_inline/2008_Acceptance_Speech_0.pdf

High Population Growth

High Population Growth Introduction High population growth is a problem than has affected the economies of a myriad of developing countries all over the world. Poverty, insecurity, unemployment, lack of sanitation, poor health facilities, lack of adequate education facilities are all aspects of countries that face the problem of high population growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on High Population Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper investigates the causes of high population growth, determines the consequences of high population growth, suggests policy approaches that can be used to contain high population growth and examines the effectiveness of policies employed by China and India in a bid to curb high population growth. Causes of high population growth There are a number of factors that result to high population growth in countries all over the world. One of these factors is increase in the volume of food produced, and an increase in the distribution networks of food. This is a factor for overpopulation because it assures people of food security, leading to high birth rates. In addition to the high birth rates, the food security also reduces the mortality of the population, which could occur if the food accessible by the public was inadequate. Another factor that causes high population growth is the improvement in the health of the public. This is usually correlated to the issue of water and sanitation. It is a factor because, depending on the status of public health in a certain country, disease prevalence can be predicted. Therefore, a country in which public health is maintained will have less instances of diseases, and thus its mortality rate will be low. This translates to high population growth. Also a cause of high population growth is the level of sophistication of a nation, in terms of medical technology like antibiotics and vaccines, and also in terms of other advantages that come with e ducation (Kinder, 2011, p. 1). This leads to high population growth because a nation in which there is advanced, and reliable medical technology will have low mortality rates for the obvious reasons. As stated, the level of education in a nation is very important since, a society in which people are adequately learned will be free from minor problems like health complications that result from living in a filthy surrounding. The effect of education on population is however paradoxical since lack of education is also associated with high population growth. This is because people lacking education seem to live without taking adequate and appropriate measures to curb population growth. This happens primarily because they do not understand the negative effects that population has on all realms of life, and also because they may not have sufficient knowledge about population control methods.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With this discussion, the direct (main) causes of high population growth can be identified. These include, low mortality rates, high life expectancy, high birth rates, migration etcetera. Consequences of high population growth on economic development High population growth has far-reaching consequences on the economy of any country that it affects. The effects of high population growth on developed and developing countries are different in terms of nature, extent, and even possible solutions. Developed countries A significant percentage of the increase in the population of developed countries is made up of immigrants, both illegal and legal. This is because these countries have numerous manufacturing plants, and a lot of positions for menial jobs that do not attract local population. People from developing countries therefore migrate to developed countries like the United States, European countries etc, to fill those vacancies. A lthough the benefit of immigrants to the economy of the developed countries is still a controversial issue, these people affect the economy of developed countries in a number of ways. For instance, by providing cheap labour to the manufacturing plants, the population of immigrants boost the manufacturing industry, which in turn boosts the economy of the country. On the other hand, immigrants, both illegal and legal have caused a variety of social problems for the developed countries (Easterlin, 2006, p. 23). For instance, population increase due to an increase in the number of immigrants is associated with high rates of crime, drug trafficking, etcetera. The aforementioned existence of jobs in manufacturing plants has also led to high urbanization rates for developed countries. This also has its economic repercussions for the developed countries. For instance, high urbanization rates are associated with high crime rates, decadence of societal morals, and even high population growth. These effects have serious implications for the development of the economy. Developing countries First of all, high population growth makes it difficult for developing countries to provide sufficient social structures to the public. This is because such countries are forced to attend to large numbers of people in the growing population amid limited resources. For instance, in a developing country with high population growth, it is more likely that there the educational facilities in the countries will be inadequate. This will be especially so for minority groups like women.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on High Population Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of inadequate educational facilities, the public will not get the required education, and thus the economy of the country will be adversely affected since education is a prerequisite to economic development because it provides skilled labour. The lack of adequate facilities for education will also fuel population growth since uneducated people tend to be more fertile than their educated counterparts (Easterlin, 2006, p. 34). Another economic consequence of high population growth is the frequent occurrences of famines in highly populated countries. The famine affects a large part of the population, which is also poor. This kind of a situation then worsens some other factors like the malnutrition of children, use of child labour or even maternal and childhood mortality. In such a situation, governments in developing countries are forced to use resources in emergency measures against such effects as famine. This makes the government to forego other important economic activities in order to mitigate effects of famines, malnutrition etcetera. High population growth has also been seen as a cause of political instability due to weak governance, and regional warfare. This is because communities and individuals are more likely to fig ht for scarce resources as the population grows. This is because the resources continuously become insufficient to serve the needs of the population as it grows. The phenomenon of high population growth is also associable with high rates of unemployment, which is a great set-back to the efforts made by the developing countries in a bid to industrialize (Easterlin, 2006, p. 39). The above mentioned factors lead many developing countries to seek economic assistance, or foreign aid, from then developed countries. Despite the fact that the usefulness of foreign aid in the economic advancement of developing countries is controversial, foreign aid remains a burden for the country seeking it. The countries may even be made to agree to terms they are nit comfortable with in order to get economic assistance. Policy recommendations From the discussion above, it is apparent that high population growth has a lot of negative effects to the economies where it occurs. There is thus an urgent need for a more nuanced approach in policy making to ensure that population growth is effectively checked, and also ensure that its effects on the economy of countries are mitigated.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Developed Countries For developed countries, the main causes of high population are immigration and rural-urban migration. Since these two work together to bring about devastating effects on the economy, policies should be developed for addressing the problems they bring, while utilizing the advantages that they bring. For instance, for the immigration problem, governments in developed countries should ensure that proper immigration policies are developed so that the government can keep track of, and be able to control immigration. This can be done by either eradicating or reducing the number of illegal immigrants (Todaro, 1997, p. 20). This will ensure that any policies that the government develops in relation to manufacturing plant workers, is based on factual information, and thus it is not misguided by wild estimations. Such a strategy is bound to reduce or eliminate the economic disadvantages posed by immigration, and make the latter a resource that can be utilized to better th e economy. For the rural-urban migration, governments in developed countries should develop appropriate policies that will ensure that the negative effects of urban migration are mitigated. A potential project objective within such a policy is to increase the number of police in urban areas, as well as to increase increased in order to reduce crime rates. Other aspects of urban congestion like maintaining sanitation standards must also be observed. Developing countries For the developing countries, a lot needs to be done in order to mitigate the effects of high population growth. Among the policy approaches that can be taken is an attempt to reduce the population growth itself. This can be done by employing a variety of means. These means include, greater advocacy for the use of family planning methods, provision of family planning facilities to the public, development of policies encouraging a minimum number of children, accompanied by incentives for those who uphold it, etcetera. In addition to this, governments in developing countries may ensure that there is progressive improvement in the provision of education facilities and services, because this can potentially lead to low population growth (Todaro, 1997, p. 21). Just like in the developed countries, developing countries also need to develop strict policies on immigration in a bid to reduce their high population growth. This is because political instability and economic factors has led to high immigration rates in these countries. A reduction in the number of immigrants entering a country in a year will lead to low population growth, or even population decline, which will, in turn lead to a better economy which is shown by high per capita GDP, and improvement of other economic indicators. Similarly, governments in developing countries should also develop policies that are aimed at reducing the rate of rural-urban migration. Some of the policies that can be employed include the devolvement of the governm ent in countries where devolved governments are not in existence. This will help in mitigating the undesirable effects of high population growth. A policy for employment creation is also bound to have a positive effect on population growth since people tend to be more fertile when they are idle. In addition to this, people in poverty also tend to be more fertile than people who are not poor. Governments in developing countries should therefore develop employment creation n policies as a way of reducing population growth, and its effects on their economy (Todaro, 1997, p. 23a). There is also a need for a strict policy for monitoring and feedback. This will ensure that any good policies for curbing high population growth rate can be evaluated to see if the desired impact is being realized. Approaches adopted in India and China Among the countries that have struggled with high population growth are India and China. China has the highest population in the world followed by India. These two countries have tried to implement policies aimed at reducing population growth. Let us examine how effective these policies have been. Between the years 1972 and 1977, the government of India imposed a policy for forced sterilization. This program did not receive backing from the public, and thus it did not achieve much. This was subsequently replaced by voluntary family planning integrated with better maternal and child healthcare. A study of Indian population after implementation of the aforementioned programs does not reveal much success as the population has always been on the rise. This can be attributed to the failure by the Indian government to implement the programs at grass root level. Early in the last decade, the government of India suggested stripping of states with high population growth of their voting rights. This is an unrealistic approach that can potentially cause more harm than good. The one-child family policy has not seen much success since the incentives pr omised by the government for one-child families and families with restricted sizes have not been given much attention (Kumar, 2003, p. 1). As stated, China has experienced, more or less, the same problems as India. However, China’s policies and programs are far off more effective than those of India. Among the policies than China has used to reduce its population growth is the informal policy that dictates that couples living in urban areas have one child, and their counterparts in rural areas have two children, on condition that the first one is a girl. However, people belonging to ethnic minorities are permitted to have a maximum of three children due o their special circumstances. This policy has resulted in abortions and sterilization for both men and women who already have kids. This policy has even employed coercion to make people obey it, as people unwilling to procure abortions have, oftentimes, been forced to procure abortions. Although this policy is, kind of, undem ocratic, it has achieved substantial success in China (Kumar, 2003, p. 1). Conclusion As evidenced in the discussion above, high population growth has adverse effects on the economy of a nation. Policies developed to reduce population growth and its effects should be realistic, and they should be supported by the public in order for them to have the desired effects. It is thus of essence for countries to employ a consultative approach in formulating population reduction policies. Reference List Easterlin, Richard. 2006. Effects of Population Growth on the Economic  Development of Developing Countries. University of Pennsylvania. Kinder, Carolyn. 2011. The Population Explosion: Causes and Consequences .  New Haven Teachers Institute. http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1998/7/98.07.02.x.html Kumar, Ramana.2003. India and China: Population Growth.  Web. Todaro, Michael. 1997. Development Policy and Population Growth: A Framework for Planners. Population and Develo pment Review.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Marketing - Essay Example In the year 2000, almost 44% of fruits were devoted to juice industry and the business is even expected to grow in future. Among all the juices, orange juice is the most accepted one which covers almost 60% of the juices. The people of the USA prefer to maintain their health and thus choose vitamin, mineral and other nutrients drink as their healthy diet (Thor and Savitry 2001). Source: (Thor and Savitry 2001). Segmentation and Target Market For developing any business, market segmentation is the vital element which can manage the target customers. In the juice business, the target customers will be divided according to geographical, demographical, socioeconomics and psychographic variables (Croft 1994). Demographical Segmentation Boost Juice will focus on every age groups of customer but the primary targets of Boost Juice would be fitness conscious middle-age customers, young customers and teenagers. The first segment is predominantly the adult customers. These types of customers ar e adequately health conscious and they fall under the age group of 25–32 years. They are not much price sensitive and are always ready to pay the solicited price. These types of customers normally spend above average and do not prefer to bargain much. The second category consists of those customers who are very much health conscious. These customers fall under the age group of 18–25 years. They prefer healthy, nutritious and less calorie drinks. They want to control their cholesterol and fat. These customers are dieters and fitness professionals. The third demographic segmentation is young teenage customers of the age group between 14 to 18 years. These types of customers are not health conscious and prefer taste to health. These customers are in between adult and child age group and thus they prefer to consume adult drink without sacrificing the taste (Pania et al 2006). Geographical Segmentation The second type of segmentation is geographical segmentation. Based on g eography, the target market will be segmented in two ways, one will be region-wise and other will be area-wise. The region-wise segmentation will be further divided into two sub segmentations. The first segmentation will be Northeast region of the US. The reason for choosing Northeast region is because of the fact that juice consumption of orange was large in that region according to data of 2001. The people of Northeast region prefer orange drink more than other regions of the US. Per Capita Consumption of Orange in 2001 Source: (Pollack, Lin and Allshouse 2003) The second segmentation will be the south region. The reason for choosing this region is that the per capita consumption of apple juice was highest out there according to 2001 data. It had been observed that people of south region prefer apple juice more than other regions. Per Capita Consumption of Apple in 2001 Source: (Perez, Lin and Allshouse 2001) In case of area-wise segmentation, the market is divided into three sub segments: metropolitan, sub urban and rural. The first target market will be concentrated on sub urban areas of the US. The reason for choosing sub urban areas is that almost 47% of people reside in sub urban areas and the rest 53% people live in metropolitan and rural areas. So demand for processed fruit products is higher in the sub urban areas. The second target customer will be the people of

Importance of Critical Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of Critical Theory - Essay Example In her work, Lois attempts to distill the basic tenets of a variety of many different contexts in examining the work. Lois re-examines F. Fitzgerald's work â€Å"the great Gatsby† in analyzing the critical theory better. Critical theory ought to define the reader response theory as ways in which a reader reacts to literal works but unlike other theories, it does not focus much on the context, form or the owner of the work. The theory, however, defines the notion that the degree that the text needs to be understood. A person can understand a book in two ways; the first is from its outward meaning and the second is from the words that construct the book. With notable expectations, most of the theoretical writings in the field try to express their views to individuals filled with verbiage, hence assuming a level of familiarity that most people lack. However, some of the writing is not coherent with the love for literature, let alone the daily life that we live. Critical theory is , however, necessary in allowing individuals to have abstract thoughts and the intellectual realm in which impress each other by using theoretical jargon. Thus, critical theory is essential in allowing individuals see themselves and the world invaluable and productive ways that are of benefit to the society and us (Lois 13). The focus of literal context â€Å"has changed over the years to the extent that now among many contemporary theorists; the author is not considered a meaningful object of analysis† (Hodder 65). The rather critical theory focuses more on the reader, rhetorical, ideological as well as the aesthetic value of a particular text. The culture in which the text is produced it is often an important aspect. An understanding critical theory is very beneficial. Theory will help individuals to see themselves in important contexts.