Practitioner Model versus Practitioner-Model and its Impact on My Professional Development

Scholar-Practitioner Model versus Practitioner-Model and its Impact on My Professional Development Abstract The practitioners-scholar approach is the model I plan to follow to pursue my long-term professional goals of working as a consultant. Understanding the distinction between scholar, practitioner, scholar-practitioner and practitioner-scholar all are instrumental in my ability to create a plan to becoming a practitioner-scholar. Focusing on the history of psychology, becoming an effective researcher and forming invaluable communication skills laid the groundwork for having a successful career as a practitioner-scholar. Although, I do not feel I am either a scholar practitioner or practitioner scholar yet, my course work at Capella University will prepare me for the journey. Keywords: scholar, practitioner, practitioner-scholar, scholar-practitioner, research ? Scholar-Practitioner Model versus Practitioner-Model and its Impact on My Professional Development Reflecting on how I might become a practitioner-scholar, I realize the importance of understanding the distinction between scholar, practitioner, scholar-practitioner and practitioner-scholar, first. Scholars are wise master in their discipline, and distinguished leaders in their field. In the field of psychology, I view scholars primarily as one that works in the academic setting. Practitioners are professionals who work within the community or corporate setting. Practitioners work within a particular career, driven by the needs of their clients (Peterson, 2006). Scholar-practitioners and practitioner-scholars differ in how they view the application of knowledge acquired. According to Wasserman and Kram (2009), scholar-practitioners bonded by theory, seek to generate knowledge first as the way to apply knowledge to the world. Practitioners-scholars first guide themselves by the needs of the client, and then on the knowledge drawn from research-based theories to improve clients well being (Peterson, 2006). Wasserman and Kram (2009) view the concept scholar-practitioner and practitioner-scholar as a continuum. The continuum reflects the view that as psychologist we all hold the doctrine of studying the mind, its affects on behavior and ways through research and practice, we can improve humankind (Wasserman and Kram, 2009). Reflecting on the models, I realized neither describes where I am now. I currently view myself as a learner, a student with goals of becoming a successful practitioner-scholar. My success as a practitioner-scholar lies in acquiring knowledge of the history of psychology, becoming an analytical researcher and applying these skills to produce invaluable forms of communication. In order to become a successful practitioner-scholar, acquiring knowledge of the history of psychology is quintessential in my long-term plans to becoming a practitioner-scholar. The history of psychology in America and its role in the education setting and community at large dates back to after World War II (Peterson 2006). Intellectually gifted scientists who were brilliant researchers became the scholars of psychology. As scholars, they taught from a scientist, research perceptive. Therefore, when psychologists begin to leave the academic setting of universities and enter professional careers, they did so as science or scholar practitioners (Peterson 2006). According to Peterson (2006), education by scientists, training as scholars, with little to no professional preparation, sparked the great debate between the two models. The old saying, â€Å"you don’t know where you are going until you know where you’ve been†, holds true here. Embracing the foundation of psychology provides me with a greater sense of respect for those who oppose the practitioner-scholar model. However, embarking on a journey to refute the opposition is exciting, and becoming an analytical researcher along the way, will support my plan in becoming a distinguish leader in the psychology community as a practitioner-scholar. Understanding the history of psychology laid the groundwork in my plans to becoming a practitioner-scholar. Effective research will sharpen critical thinking skills, deepen analytical skills and overall continue to increase my knowledge of the study of psychology bringing me closer to becoming a practitioner-scholar. The ability to systematically identify and implement the necessary change is critical to a practitioner-scholar (Peterson 2006). Research is necessary as a practitioner-scholar because I need to think as a researcher in the context of my environment, to effectively and critical analyze the needs of my client. Although, research would not be a key element in my daily work as a practitioner-scholar, my ability to master research as a graduate student will lay the groundwork for how well I can effectively communicate my theories or notions learned from research and client assessments. The rigors process of graduate school, learning the principle behind theories and applying research to support my writing will create invaluable forms of communication. Drawing from my previous work experience as a real estate broker, owner of a staffing agency and currently as an advocate for children with autism, I know communication is the ultimate key to success. Simply put, you are only as good as you can sell yourself in this day and time. As grounded, as a psychologist should be in theory, practitioners have to be flexible within the world that they work in. The earlier issues faced by psychologist after World War II, according to Peterson (2006), was their inability to relate to their clients without communicating in the form of science, which is how they learned. This issue, open the initial search for practitioner-scholars (Peterson). Words have meaning and leave a lasting impression on the world at large. Producing quality, effective and valuable forms of communication as it relates to the context of your environment, provides for a successful career as a practitioner-scholar. Ultimately, acquisition of all these skills will bring me closer to becoming a practitioner-scholar. The history of psychology helps me understand why the models are debated and thought of as mutually exclusive. Although, I currently identify as a learner, the goals I have planned for myself directly align with the skills needed to become a practitioner-scholar. The intense process of graduate school including the massive amounts of work, papers, research and discussion questions answer will all help me become a practitioner-scholar. My understanding of the history of psychology, analytical research skills and becoming an invaluable communicator will all be skills needed to maintain beyond graduate level studies. As a learner of this model at Capella University, I fully expect to find myself starring back at a practitioner-scholar soon, when I look in the mirror. References Peterson, D. R. (1991). Connection and disconnection of research and practice in the education of professional.. American Psychologist, 46(4), 422. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. library. capella. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=aph&AN=9104223512&site=ehost-live&scope=site Wasserman, I. C. , & Kram, K. E. (2009). Enacting the scholar-practitioner role: An exploration of narratives. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45(1), 12-38. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. library. capella. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=bth&AN=36658601&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Moods of Norway

Moods of Norway case indicated many interesting issues relating to brand management study. In this paper, first, we outline two key challenges that Moods are facing, then analyze the brand based on CBBE pyramid, and finally suggest two marketing programs that the company should invest. 1. Key challenges The first challenge facing Moods of Norway is expanding the business to U. S. This is always a profitable but risky opportunity for every firm, including Moods of Norway. The company with â€Å"free styling† wants to â€Å"just go to the U. S. and see what happens† (Austin, O’Donnell, and Krogh 2009, 15). However, U.S. market – one of the most difficult markets in the world – has many implicit challenges for Moods. Firstly, their brand is unknown in United States. Therefore, they need to base on the local sales agents and distributors in the U. S. Although they had a five-year contract with CAA – the leading talent agency – their profit will depend on the CAA’s success that is affected by the fit between the two companies. For example, CAA has not many experiences with distributing fashion products. Secondly, the U. S. customers’ preferences in color, fabric, size, etc. are different from Norwegian customers.Moods’ products must be adaptable. This means they might need other suppliers and manufacturers to change their products. Finally, the most difficult question for the company is how they can bring their company’s concept to America and convince U. S. customers to buy their products based on that concept. Because they combine Norwegian nature and ordinary stories into their design that makes their product be unique and succeed in Norway, hence it is not easy to translate it for the customers outside the country. Even if they can illustrate their stories clearly, non-Nordic customers may not be interested in those products.As Dahlkvist expressed, they â€Å"should do the design in th e U. S. , to really get a feel for what moves around in that country and how to do it† (Austin, O’Donnell, and Krogh 2009, 15) but observable risks will prevent them from doing it. The second key challenge that Moods should consider is expanding the women’s clothing line, which is also a great opportunity. Men’s clothing accounted for 70% of Moods sales while women shop more in general. Thus, there is an opportunity for growth here. However, Moods should seriously consider the challenge they will face. First, women’s clothing market is more competitive than men’s clothing market.The market is very fragmented with many competitors representing different styles in all price segments. Many brands have been around for a long time and have gained customers’ loyalty. It will be difficult for Moods to enter the market in any segment. Second, women’s clothing styles are more complicated with different types of clothes. While men’ s clothes are limited with some popular types such as suits, shirts, and T-shirts, women’s clothes have a wide range of types from dresses, blouses to skirts, cardigans, etc. To generate sales, the designs must be much diversified and fast changeable.Thus, some Moods adjustments are necessary, and Moods may face a dilemma of how to keep the moods unique while diversifying the styles to generate revenue. Third, designing women’s clothes requires different techniques. The two main designers of Moods specialized in designing men’s clothes, which is simpler than women’s. Hence, the company needs to hire extra experienced designers for women’s line. However, even with extra designers, keeping the look and lifestyle image of women’s clothing in line with the rest of the company message is still a challenge for Moods. 2. Moods of Norway brand audit Brand SalienceBrand salience measures awareness of the brand (Keller 2008. 60). Although Moodsâ€℠¢ management team is interested in expanding as a lifestyle brand, people still think of as it a fashion brand, which mainly focuses on male clothing. However, the brand reached a very high level of awareness in Norway where 85% of its sales happened. One of the evidences is that when customers and partner companies sought â€Å"Norwegian Design,† they sought Moods (Austin, O’Donnell, and Krogh 2009, 5). â€Å"Moods of Norway† is a fashion leader in the country that even Norwegian Police Department approached Moods to design their uniforms.This high level of awareness partly thanks to the little competition Moods has to face in Norway. Moods also used some other effective ways to raise the awareness. One of those is the fashion show, which was the biggest fashion event in Norway. Other contributors to the high awareness are the pink boat and the image of three owners as a rock band. Brand performance The product itself is at the heart of brand equity and brand p erformance describes how well the product or service meets customers’ functional needs (Keller 2008, 64). Following is Moods’ brand performance measured by some attributes and benefits.Regarding primary ingredients and supplementary features, Moods is doing well with choosing fabric from partners in Paris and Istanbul, who provide the best materials for Moods’ collections based on the requirements of quality, color and even style of button. This leads to the good quality of final products, which help Moods sell them at medium-plus price range. In term of style and design, Moods’ products are unique and favorable in male clothing market because it reflects not only the moods of fun and happiness but also the style of cultural tales that Norwegians love.However, Moods still need to improve designs in female market, which is still the weak point of the company. In addition, service is also an important part contributing positively to performance of brand. It seems that Moods has not pay much attention to customer service. This could be a shortcoming point for Moods to perform well in the highly competitive market like US market. Brand Imagery Brand imagery links mainly to four intangible aspects (Keller 2008, 65). First, in term of user profiles, some 70% of Moods’ customers are male. While company is interested in expanding the age range, the target customers are at age of 18 – 35.However, Moods is facing a dilemma that â€Å"a balance needed to be maintained between broadening their target group and remaining a â€Å"cool† brand (Austin, O’Donnell, and Krogh 2009, 13). Second, regarding purchase and usage situations, Moods’ products are nearly limited with T-shirts and suits but cover a wide range of situations that people can wear. The situations are suggested by the company’s three original clothing lines, which are â€Å"cocktails,† â€Å"street† and â€Å"casual. † M oreover, the designers also make effort of generating new ideas by imagining scenarios requiring special clothes.Third, Moods brand has a favorable personality that is cool, fun, and happy. This also creates values for customers that they have the feeling of connecting to their clothes in each situation. Finally, Moods of Norway does very well in using history, heritage to create the uniqueness for their products. Moods’ clothing lines tell their â€Å"authentic, true and real† story of Norwegians heritage. The story layers have great value in getting customers to spend time thinking about Moods’ products, which is good for remembering the brand (Austin, O’Donnell, and Krogh 2009, 3).Although this concept is highly successful in Norway, it is very difficult to apply to other markets. This requires Moods to develop another â€Å"story† to tell in US market. Brand Judgments Brand Judgments and Brand Feelings are both of brand responses that â€Å"el icit the proper customer responses to this brand identification and brand meaning† (Keller 2008, 60). From the performance and imagery of Moods of Norway, we know partly about the customers’ evaluation of the brand. Following the Possible Measures of Brand Building Blocks that is given by Keller (2008, 75), firstly, Moods bring good value for customers.Indeed, they not only provide the clothing products for customer, but also provide a chance to interact with their clothes by inscribing the lore on its inside. Customers receive more value and feel more satisfied by Moods of Norway’s fun stories. Secondly, in comparison with standardized goods, fashion collections for the winter are not the same for the summer and its change over years continuously. Hence, customers judge the brand based on the success of previous products, other customers and especially in designers’ reputation.By borrowing associations from its high-qualified designers and owners, Moods b ecome trustworthy and credible brand (Keller 2008, 305). People buy their products because they can trust the Moods Boys’ innovativeness and uniqueness. As mentioned in the case: â€Å"When customers and partner companies sought â€Å"Norwegian Design,† they sought Moods,† the brand likability is quite high in Norway. In addition, they always are the leader in domestic market. Hence, Moods actually is the fashion expert in customers’ eyes in Norway. Finally, Moods of Norway is only company that designed the lore into the clothes themselves.Because all these stories are true and authentic, consumer feel the clothes more related to them. When customers love the story, they will also think that the product is relevant to buy. Consequently, Scandinavians buy products of Moods because it is superior compared to others. Brand Feelings Clothing products of Moods bring the warmness to customers by reminding them of old-world, traditional customs, etc. In addition , the clothes combined â€Å"traditional Norwegian style and the modern fashion scene† (Austin, O’Donnell, and Krogh 2009, 2), therefore, it is so fun and exciting for customers.For instance, the image of tractor on the suit is so surprising and interesting. Especially, Mood Boys often appear in vivid dresses with the pink fishing boat. The image of the â€Å"boy band† is not only the designers’ image, but also is the brand image. They really inspire customers by fun and crazy feelings. Brand Resonance This is the final step of Keller’s CBBE model that â€Å"focuses upon the ultimate relationship and level of identification that the customer has with the brand† (Keller 2001, 15).Based on the case’s limited information, in our viewpoint, they have many loyal Norwegian customers with high attachment, especially 15-20 year olds who think Moods of Norway is more successful than StatOil [the large Norwegian Oil Company] (Austin, O’D onnell, and Krogh 2009, 8). Because Moods relies on word of mouth to marketing their products, so they should have a great brand community in both online and offline. In addition, to enforce the relationship with customers, Moods must make customers engaged to the brand. They should create more value for frequently customers and satisfy them by organizing some fun activities. . Suggested Marketing Programs Moods of Norway are facing two major problems: promoting Moods brand to American market and developing clothing line for women. Two following brief marketing programs are supposed to solve these problems respectively. Promoting Moods brand to American market Firstly, penetrating American market by indirect exporting is very important for new entrant. Based on limited capacity and resources, they must focus on one or two big cities where is profitable for fashion industries in America (Los Angeles, New York, Chicago or Boston†¦).Now they have one store in Los Angeles but it is not sufficient. They must expand their market share via many distributors and agents. While enhancing the relationship with Creative Artists Agency, they should get bigger distribution to other important stores. Secondly, making the Moods brand different from other fashion products but still understandable is also essential. That means they must not only focus on their uniqueness (adding lore to clothes themselves) but also create more fun and less regional stories about clothes.Thirdly, they have to organize special fashion collections in America as much as possible. They also can use the image of colorful tractor as an association to inspire and make American customers unforgettable. Especially, Moods Boys must appear on American TV, magazines frequently†¦ because their impressive appearance affect directly to Moods brand’s awareness. Using celebrities to endorse Moods clothing also increase the customers’ associations, judgments, and feelings (Keller 2008, 305 ).Finally, based on analyzing American market carefully, their image should be adaptable to fit American style but still homogeneous in all countries. Expanding the women’s clothing line To conquer women’s clothing market, Moods should seriously take some actions. First, Moods should improve their products in term of designs so that their products are attractive enough to female customers. Currently, Moods have only two main designers who are specialized in designing men’s clothes while women’s clothes require different kinds of technical design.Hiring Project Manager Helen Marie Rod who had experience with some famous brands is a good step for expanding women’s clothing line. However, to diversify their product, Moods still need to hire extra designers who are experienced in designing for women. Second, for women’s clothes, the company should consider adjusting some personalities to fit female clothing market. They can keep their main moods that are fun and happiness, except â€Å"rock stars† and wild moods that are not considered favorable for majority of women.Third, because fashion shows are the primary marketing activity for the company and the shows are effective, Moods should continue this. However, to promote and increase awareness of the women’s clothing line, Moods should hold a fashion show particularly for women. They should also consider other types of advertising such as Internet or fashion magazines because those sources can easily access potential female customers. Fourth, in term of distribution, in the beginning, Moods can still combine products for male and female in same stores. Nevertheless, in future, they can divide the stores separately.Finally, yet importantly, Moods should consider selling accessories along with women’s clothing line because accessory is a very important part of women’s style. Moods may design their own accessory line or cooperate with other accesso ry brand that fits Moods’ brand personality. To conclude, Moods of Norway has many favorable conditions to succeed in American market and female clothing line. Based on Keller’s CBBE model (2008), we propose two marketing program investments to not only enhance the current brand position but also take advantage of potential opportunities to company’s expansion.By combining traditional style and contemporary tendencies, then applying proper strategies for brand building, Moods of Norway could be high successful in the competitive world of fashion. Appendix ———————– Good quality Nice style Medium-plus price points Mostly for men, 18 – 35 Music and artist style Clothing, Shoes, Eyewear Resonance Loyalty Attachment Feelings Warmness Fun Excitement Imagery Good value Trustworthiness Relevance Superiority Judgments Performance Salience Figure 1: Moods of Norway CBBE Pyramid

Behavioral and Cognitive Learning

In behavioral theory, learning involves changes or modifications in our behavior which had in turn been influenced, strengthened or weakened by the environment or other external influences. The introduction of reinforcers greatly impacts behavior. Cognitive theory, on the other hand, posits that individuals are actively involved in the learning process. Rather than external influences, learning depends on already existing prior knowledge.Following this logic, this means that each student after a straight lecture will leave the room carrying with him different sets of new knowledge. A major difference between the two theories is that proponents of behaviorists suggest that learning is involuntary while cognitive learning contends that people are in control of their own learning. For believers of the behavioral theory, the approach to training would be the regular use of contiguity and reinforcers.Contiguity is based on association of experiences that occur in sequence. This is much li ke Pavlov’s dog which salivates in the presence of food. When food was preceded by the ringing of a bell, the dog soon salivates at the ring of the bell. Introduction of reinforcers is another method employed by the behaviorists. This involves a reward-and-punishment scheme on ending or strengthening behavior. Hence, if you do well as a participant, you would probably receive a positive reinforcement so as to further strengthen such behavior.For trainers who employ the cognitive learning theories, they will most likely provide lessons organized in a way that would take into consideration a student’s experience and stage of development such that prerequisite trainings may have to be recommended to be taken first before moving on into an advanced stage. General skills will be taught first, reasons and motivations for tasks will usually be provided and group work promoted. Reference Michigan State University. (2005). Teach online. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://t eachvu. vu. msu. edu/public/designers/what_is_learning/index. php? page_num=5. Behavioral And Cognitive Learning In behavioral theory, learning involves changes or modifications in our behavior which had in turn been influenced, strengthened or weakened by the environment or other external influences. The introduction of reinforcers greatly impacts behavior. Cognitive theory, on the other hand, posits that individuals are actively involved in the learning process. Rather than external influences, learning depends on already existing prior knowledge.Following this logic, this means that each student after a straight lecture will leave the room carrying with him different sets of new knowledge. A major difference between the two theories is that proponents of behaviorists suggest that learning is involuntary while cognitive learning contends that people are in control of their own learning. For believers of the behavioral theory, the approach to training would be the regular use of contiguity and reinforcers.Contiguity is based on association of experiences that occur in sequence. This is much li ke Pavlov’s dog which salivates in the presence of food. When food was preceded by the ringing of a bell, the dog soon salivates at the ring of the bell. Introduction of reinforcers is another method employed by the behaviorists. This involves a reward-and-punishment scheme on ending or strengthening behavior. Hence, if you do well as a participant, you would probably receive a positive reinforcement so as to further strengthen such behavior.For trainers who employ the cognitive learning theories, they will most likely provide lessons organized in a way that would take into consideration a student’s experience and stage of development such that prerequisite trainings may have to be recommended to be taken first before moving on into an advanced stage. General skills will be taught first, reasons and motivations for tasks will usually be provided and group work promoted. Reference Michigan State University. (2005). Teach online. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://t eachvu. vu. msu. edu/public/design

Biography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biography - Assignment Example Samantha has always thought it’s very relaxing and relieving, while also efficiently preparing her body, mind and soul for daunting tasks ahead. Samantha enjoys biking too, alongside other hobbies such as camping. In addition, she loves to sit and enjoy a game of football, baseball, basketball, or hockey either live or on television. In the course of this affection, she has inadvertently fallen in love with a couple of sports teams whose matches she has lately found nearly impossible to miss. She loves cheering her teams on and reveling in the glory and ecstasy of a victorious duel. But nothing bites the heart like a favorite team getting a real hammering from the opponents. In addition, the banters from the opposing fans after such games usually tend to transform into stuff of nightmares for Samantha. Over the years, Samantha has come to appreciate the joy of a good read. According to her, books educate, books entertain, books inform and books increase one’s wisdom. She loves to explore a variety of genres, be it academic, fictional, poetry, short stories, history, real life – she will cherish them. She is the kind that takes their time with books, partly why she intends to have her own personal library collection in the comfort of her home in the future. She takes her time and patience to enjoy what the author is trying to say and the way in which they put their messages across and hence she can take even a whole month on a single novel against the wasteful habit of reading a great, once-in-a-lifetime piece in an unnecessary haste. She prefers hard copies as she finds e-books rather un-enjoyable and uncomfortable. Everyone would tell you that one of the greatest pleasures of life is travelling (travelling to new places, meeting new people, striking new relationships and sampling the beauty of the world). Samantha couldn’t agree

Business Litigation Law (International Business Law) Essay

Business Litigation Law (International Business Law) - Essay Example The paper concludes with summarization of the main point s discussed in the whole paper. Business litigation is a complex issue and area which involves many tort claims and contractual claims. Such claims many include the following fraud, breach of contract, the breach of fiduciary duty, unfair competition, infringement of intellectual property rights and tortuous interference with contract (Law Office 2012). In case any of the above disputes arise in a business setting, and the parties involved are unable to reach a conclusion through negotiation or arbitration, then, business litigation is applied in such instances in order to look for justice and also resolve the issue at hand. Business litigation does not only involve a business suing other businesses, even individuals have rights to sue businesses and also businesses also have rights to sue businesses. Corporate litigation and commercial insurance litigation are some of the sources of business litigation (James 2011). Corporate litigation arises when there is a corporate dispute caused by a breach of duty of fiduciary. A perfect example of corporate dispute is an instance where the shareholders in any given closely held corporation may recover against the leader or manager or even a corporate director if he or she breaches or goes against his or her fiduciary obligations. In commercial insurance litigation, such a dispute may arise when a commercial insurance company denies or undervalues a fair claim (James 2012). In such a circumstance, the victimized business has a right to sue the corporate insurance in order to recover the amount of money that he believes that he owns and entitled to. In many cases, such instances arise since many insurance companies put some clauses which they rely mostly on in any contract which will make them not to pay a fair claim to the other party. There are other many countless and countless areas in which business litigation can be used to resolve and settle any dispute among many businesses (Thorses 2005). In the case Ahmad et al, v. Foodmaker, Inc, a $ 58,000, 000 fine was paid in order to settle Jack Box food poisoning case on behalf of the corporation which was parent corporation Of Jack in the Box (Edward 1995). ( Micheal 2012). In the case County of San Diego v. RanchoVista Del Mar, a verdict of $55,000,000 was given which in history has ever been the largest condemnation verdict in history o United States at that period. The accused filed an appeal and finally the injured party was paid $40,000,000. In the case Border Business Park V. City o San Diego, there was a breach o contract by San Diego which resulted to the company paying a fine o $94, 500, 000 as jury verdict. After the judge compiled all the granted fees and interest which was charged in the case, the total amount that San Diego paid to the client was over $136,000,000 (Mash 2012). Another perfect example of business litigation case was People o the state o California V. Grigory Zubkis and Rimma Zubkis, et al where $2, 750,000 and when the interest was added 2, 790,000 settlement was paid or the case which involved the taking o a private residence in order to expand a road. The case was decided by Lead attorney Partner Daral Mazzarella (Thorses 2012). Conclusion In case any business dispute arises between two business entities or between a

Cherokee removal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cherokee removal - Essay Example The removal has been regarded as a tragic incident in the history of Cherokee nation. They called it Nu Na da ul Tsum yi in their own language that mans a place where they cried. During the Indian removal efforts there were several other nations also removed from the American South and other regions including Choctaws, Chickasaws and Creek Indians etc. The Cherokee nation resisted against the removal efforts and also hired some lawyers to combat with this forces relocation but eventually they had to leave their homes in South and were forcefully moved towards North America. The removal of Cherokees was result of passage of Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830 in which the federal government was given the power to forcefully relocate any Native American nation from east to west side of the country. The act also affirms that the Native Americans have to be compensated for the removal but in practical the process was not undertook very fairly and the most of the eastern tribes had to face high level of ethnic discrimination from the authorities that eventually caused decline in their numbers (Perdue and Green, p127). The Cherokees were inhabited in Georgia since the 1791 treaty with the U.S government but after the discovery of gold in that place, the government decided to reside white people in Georgia. In 1830, the whites reclaimed their lands but they had to face strong protest from the Cherokees who took the case of the U.S Supreme Court where the decision came out in their favour. In 1838, the U.S. President and Congress forced Native Americans to leave their lands and settle down in their new homes in Indian Territory. Almost one third population of Cherokee nation was died during this process due to which this incident is also referred as Trail of Tears in the history of United States. The efforts of Indian removal were backed by the thought that the Native Americans including Cherokees settled in Georgia and other south states are barrier in the way of p rogress of the nation and it is imperative to remove these people from these lands to carry on the process of development and progression. The government of U.S negotiated with some tribes and convinced them to leave their lands and move towards the other territory however, the Cherokee nation refused and condemn the policy of U.S government and announced their strong opposition for this decision. In 1823, there was a decision made by Supreme Court in which it was decided that the Indians only have the right to occupy lands in US but they don’t have right to hold the title for these lands because their right of occupancy is not powerful as the US right of discovery. It was a great threat to the Indians and the Cherokees responded towards this policy with great concern and worried. They formulated the policies of restricting the sale of the land to the government so that they could protect it from going into the hands of the government and white people. \ The Cherokees adopted several nonviolent policies in response to the US Indian removal policies. They has several options in front of them however they adopted Anglo American practice and got involved in some constructive activities and developments like large scale farming, seeking western education and slave holding etc. As a result of these efforts they were regarded as the civilized Indian tribe however, these steps made the whites indignant

Childhood Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Childhood Depression - Essay Example Depression also occurs in children; the diagnosis criterion is the presence of symptoms over a fortnight. The symptoms could include sadness, low enjoyment of previously enjoyable activities, and loss of appetite or feelings of low moods. Accompanying these feelings is low self-esteem, which can alter behavioral changes in an individual. In addition, this mental illness has detrimental effects on the body functions. Clinical depression can be classified into manic (bipolar), major depression and dysthymia. All of these types of clinical depression affect children at varying rates and severity (Lack & Green, 2009). Between 2- 6% of children and teenagers experience depression. Suicide, which may be caused by depression, is the third leading cause of death in individuals between 10-19 years old (Whittington et al, 2004). This paper delves into the often maligned issue of childhood depression, its causes and management. Childhood Depression Diagnosis of clinical depression in childhood is not a clear-cut issue as it elicits several debates. Firstly, it is a relatively new phenomenon while there is no agreement on the legitimacy of its diagnosis. One view holds that definitions of major depression in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV) do not adequately distinguish between emotions in response to loss from emotions in depression (Clarke, 2011). Another view holds that children may outgrow depression. In addition, children may be diagnosed with other mental illnesses; thus, diagnosis of childhood depression is a difficult task. People get distressed at various stages of their life. Sadness may wane over time, however, and depression may persist over longer periods of time. For children, the experiences of depression may be difficult to detect. Most therapists, health workers and clinical psychologists assumed that children were immature to undergo depression. With time, healthcare practitioners and therapists recognized the presence and nature of the illness as an identifiable mental illness. The difficulty in diagnosing depression in children is harder since adults may assume that certain behaviors are normal or are simply development stages. Additionally, children may not be able to communicate their feelings. Children may exhibit irritability; thus, their actions may be misinterpreted as naughtiness. Depression occurs across all races, social classes, and economic settings. A proper diagnosis of depression is crucial since less than 30% of adults and children receive the appropriate treatment (Bhatia & Bhatia, 2007).  

Strong debate about the advantages and disadvantages of fair-value Assignment

Strong debate about the advantages and disadvantages of fair-value accounting - Assignment Example These are the estimates that they would get if they were to sell the financial instruments in this case assets and liabilities. The companies report profits or losses when the value of their assets increase or their liabilities decreases. The losses decrease the value of the net income and hence the reported equity also reduces. Fair values have played a crucial role in United States for more than half a century. The standards of accounting that allow or otherwise require fair value reporting have increased in a big way over the recent years. In 2006, a controversial and important new standard of accounting was announced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) no. 157, which provides a more detailed guidance in assisting firms in the use of fair values. The applicability of this has in recent years been put into test by market conditions which were extreme. Fair value was used as early as the late nineteenth century where it was common for organizations to use appraised values in quantifying their capital assets. In other words it was the value that would be realized by their sale in the market. This exit value was also believed by the economists, to be the most appropriate in construction of financial statements. (See, among others, Diewert, 2005). However, the abuse of this accounting standard by managers eventually led to the enactment of more accounting standards that were more formal by the accounting profession. This led to the emergence of historical cost as the dominant standard for reporting the financial instruments; assets and liabilities. Despite this, fair value remained a preferred concept by many theorists in the field (Magnan, 2009, p. 191). For example, Staubus (1961) and Sterling (1970) argue in support of fair values in financial reporting (p 192), which is the realizable value of the financial instrument. The exit value in accounting was used as a default option when accounting for some assets, however, it re-entered the

The halo effect in persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The halo effect in persuasion - Essay Example Robert Cialdini (psychology professor) suggested six principles of persuasion. These are principle of reciprocation, principle of scarcity, principle of authority, principle of commitment and consistency, principle of consensus, and the principle of liking. In this report, however, only principle of reciprocation will be discussed. According to Cialdini (2006) such a principle can be clearly seen in each of the human cultures. Principle of reciprocation requires that a person repays what another person has provided. In other words, it is like doing a favor while expecting them to return it at a later stage. The second way by which the Rule of Reciprocity may allow for a rise in the compliance makes use of a slight variation on the actual subject: rather than to provide a favor initially which would lead to a stimulation of a returned favor, a person might rather decided on a first concession which would result in a return concession. There is a certain compliance process that is called the â€Å"reject-then-retreat-technique†, or â€Å"door-in-the-face-technique†, has a major dependence upon the stress of reciprocating concessions. Through initiating with a major favor of which there is a major probability of rejection, the requester can later beneficially back away with a smaller request, which is the one that was needed since the beginning. There is a probability of such a request being accepted since seemingly it is a concession. I applied principle of reciprocation on two people. One was a friend, while other was a stranger. This helped me find whether the other person returned favor only because he was a friend and/or just being nice, or was it the principle of reciprocation. I applied both, rule of reciprocation and the reject-then-retreat technique. The rule of reciprocation failed to work with my friend,

The United States political system compared to The United Kingdom Essay Example for Free

The United States political system compared to The United Kingdom Essay The US and the United Kingdom are alike, although not as evidently, in many ways, and this likeness has contributed to their present relationship. History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The History of the United Kingdom is characterized by significant changes with each ruling Monarchy. In 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy was able to displace Harold II, the Saxon King (Emsworth 1-59). From then on, English History became filled with intrigues, and power struggles between members of the Monarchy. There was a time when no one was considered more powerful than the members of the Royal Line. It was during the reign of Henry III in the 13th century when the concept of the â€Å"Parliament† was created, when Simon de Montfort challenged the monarch (Emsworth 7). From then on, the branch evolved in power from what used very limited to the legislative and political whims of the monarchy at first, to its intermittent dissolutions and recalls during the reign of Charles I and Charles II, its survival of the battle between Catholicism and Protestantism, its increased influence in 1644, to to what it is today, a representative of the Sovereign (Emsworth 1-59). It was under the reign of George I when first â€Å"Prime Minister† was appointed (Emsworth 20). Although there were attempts to minimize the influence of this figure, it has continued to grow in power, together with the parliament. William IV was the last monarch who appointed a Prime Minister without the confidence of the Parliament and since then, the parliament had survived many changes in system and its influence in the government (Emsworth 1-59). The constitution of the United Kingdom, up to this day however, remains â€Å"unwritten†. Demographics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were approximately 60.2 million people in the United Kingdom in mid-2005. The majority of the population, about 84% lived in England. There was an increase in the average age of the people from 34.1 years to 38.8 years. 1/5 of the nation’s population are below 16 and 1/6 are above 65. The ratio of males against females is almost equal. By mid-2005, the growth rate had increased from 0.3% to 0.6%. It is said that the population growth of the United Kingdom had been a result of natural change because there had been more births than death every year since 1901. However, this had changed because during the late 1990s, there had been an evident increase in the international migration which is a very significant factor that contributes to the increase in population (â€Å"Population Estimates: UK Population Grows to More than 60m.†). Executive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Article II of the US Constitution states that the Executive power is held by the President of the United States who holds Office at a four-year term, together with the Vice President who is likewise elected at the same term. Whereas the US is Presidential in its system of government, the powers in the United Kingdom is dictated by the provisions of the Westminster System. As with any other country under the system, the executive power of the United Kingdom is theoretically held by the ceremonial figurehead or the monarch. At this time, the monarch in the United Kingdom is Queen Elizabeth II (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). But essentially, executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister as the head of the Government, the Cabinet and the Junior Ministers. Although theoretically, the powers of the executive are with Queen Elizabeth II, it is actually the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and the Junior Ministers who exercise this power, but under the ceremonial authority of the Monarch (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). The term of the Prime Minister is limited to a maximum of five years, but such length could still be shortened or â€Å"dissolved† by the Sovereign or the monarch. This could be done only upon the Prime Minister’s request. Some cases such as the passage of Motion of No Confidence by the House of Commons or its rejection of a significant Government Agenda could also compel the resignation of the Prime Minister or the Dissolution of the Parliament (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). The term of the US Executive can also be shortened, that is, in cases when a President becomes disabled, dead or resigned (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†). The term can also be shortened by impeachment. The twenty-fifth Amendment of the US Constitution says that he/she should be succeeded in Office by the Vice President if such cases would happen. After the Vice President, the line of succession includes the Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore and the Cabinet members. A Vice President can be replaced in case of disability, death or resignation by the appointment of the President of the United States. In case the Office of the Prime Minister becomes vacant, it is the Monarch who is responsible for the appointment, based on the Constitutional conventions. In such a case, the Monarch is expected to appoint an individual who is supported by the House of Commons (Emsworth 27). It is expected that the Prime Minister as head of the government could control the majority of members of House of Commons. This must be so as to ensure that there is no significant opposition against them because support must be made by the Cabinet regarding policies (Emsworth 27). As it is in any country under the Parliamentary form of government, there is an overlap between branches of the government, in this case, the executive and the legislative. Section 2 of Article 2 of the US Constitution explains the powers vested on the President of the United States. Based on this, the President has the power to command the Military of the whole of United States for the service of the country. In the United Kingdom, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces is the Monarch. As it is, the British Armed Forces swear allegiance to the Sovereign Monarch only. But, it is the Prime Minister who holds the decision over the deployment of the British forces. In addition, the Prime Minister has the power to authorize Britain’s use of nuclear weapons. However, because in the UK political system, the power of the executive is dependent on the Parliament, even with such powers, the Prime Minister’s status is dependent on the general confidence of the Houses. As said earlier, it is expected that the Prime Minister could control majority of the House members (â€Å"Politics in the United Kingdom†). The President of the United States also has the power to create treaties, appoint ambassadors, ministers, consuls, judges and officers but only with the consent of the two-thirds of the senate. Still, the Congress may allow the President, the Courts of Law and the Head of the Departments to appoint inferior Officers (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States, Article II). In the United Kingdom, the members of the cabinet, as part of the executive, are considered responsible in the positive and negative implications of the government policies. As with the convention, all decisions of the cabinet must be a consensus and in cases of supposed inadequacy, the Prime Minister has the power to control the government by appointing and dismissing ministers on such grounds (Emsworth 40-41). The Ministers act as leaders of the different Government Departments which are usually composed of the Members of the Parliament or â€Å"peers† in the House of Lords (Emsworth 40). The US President would be responsible for providing the Congress information about the State of the Union, receiving of Ambassadors and Ministers, the execution of law and the commission of officers. This is based on Article II of the US Constitution. The counterpart of the State of the Union in the United Kingdom is the Westminister System’s annual Speech From the Throne. Here, the Head of the State, the Monarch addresses the parliament about the possible policies that are to be expected in the next year (â€Å"Politics in the United Kingdom†). Other than these, there is no written constitution to limit to the power of the executive or the Prime Minister as long as he/she holds the confidence of the legislature. Legislative Since the United Kingdom also has a parliamentary system of government, its executive is also founded on its legislature. In other words, the executive is fused with the legislature. There is no limitation in the government powers because there is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. In addition, there is no written document that formally separates the powers of the executive and legislative branches. The government of the United Kingdom has no limitation on its power in the legislature as long as it holds confidence. It is Parliament vote that is necessary to break the government power over the legislature. Just recently, Tony Blair, the current Prime Minister was defeated on a proposal involving the extension of the detainment of some terrorist suspects (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). On the other hand, the United States has a Constitution that clearly defines the separation of each government branch, that is, the Executive and the Legislative branches hold separate, equal powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Article I of the US Constitution states the powers and responsibilities of the Legislature. The US Legislative Powers is held by the Congress which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives, with the former having the power to approve treaties and nominations by the President, and the latter having the power to originate revenue bills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similarly, the British Parliament is bicameral, composed of two Houses: The House of Commons and the House of Lords (Zulueta 209). While the United States has both its legislative houses democratically elected, in the United Kingdom, it is only the members of the House of Commons who are democratically elected (Zulueta 209). The members of the House of Lords are usually members of the aristocracy and attain hereditary power (Emsworth 34). In addition, members of the US legislature are representatives of each of the 50 states in the United States. In the same way, members of the UK legislature are representatives of constituencies, with boundaries determined by the Boundary Commissions (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As with the case in the US, bills and financial concerns, based on convention, originate in the House of Commons and not in the House of Lords (Emsworth 32). But, unlike that in the US, which constitution allows for equal powers between its two Houses, the House of Commons is considered as more powerful compared to the House of Lords (Zulueta 209). Although, historically, this may not be the case, the House of Commons is always superior to the House of Lords because this chamber is democratically elected and can be considered as a repository of the people’s rights (Zulueta 209). In terms of financial matters, taxation, supply bills, the House of Lords are barred from proposing amendments (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). It can be said too, that the legislature, particularly, the House of Commons holds power over the Prime Minister who is considered as the wielder of Executive power because of the dependence of the executive power on the support of the legislature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 8 of the US Constitution enumerates the powers of the Congress. Generally, it states that the Congress has power to impose and collect taxes, borrow and pay debts for the general welfare. It also has the power to regulate trade with other nations and states, establish rules for naturalization and bankruptcies, regulate the value of money and provide punishments for crimes such as counterfeiting. Others include the establishment of post offices, constitution of tribunals and courts that are inferior to the Supreme Court, definition and punishment of laws, declaration of war, maintenance and provisions for the Armed Forces, and to create laws which are necessary for the carrying out of the provisions of the Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point in time, the most notable among the powers of the US legislature is its power to declare war. It is clear then, that the US Executive has the power only to command the Armed Forces but cannot declare war without the consent of the Congress. This is the same with the case of the UK, whose Prime Minister can only declare war upon the approval of the Parliament, with him of course, as its head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because there is no written constitution that guides the legislature, the UK legislature, can, too, by convention, have unlimited power and proposals can be easily approved as long as it has gained the support of the House of Commons (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†). Judiciary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US Judiciary is comprised of the Supreme Court and the federal courts established by the legislature. The Judges of the Supreme and the inferior courts are allowed to hold their offices during good behavior unless impeached. The salary of the judges cannot be reduced during office but may be increased (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The power of the US Judiciary extends to all cases arising from the Constitution, Laws and Treatises in the United States involving all US citizens, including ambassadors, ministers, consuls, and also any other issue that involves the State. While there are some cases in which the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is regulated by the Congress (e.g. appellate jurisdiction), the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction cannot be amended by the Congress (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†). Section two of the US Constitution states that criminal cases require trial by jury, except for impeachment cases. The jurisdiction of Federal courts is limited to the subject matter to which it is involved. In the US, a person who already holds Office in the government cannot hold another position, that is, the head of the Supreme Court cannot be the President. This was not the case in the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the head of the judiciary is the Lord Chief Justice (previously held by the Lord Chancellor). Prior to the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the head of the judiciary had power that encompasses the executive, legislature and judiciary branches. But since the passage of the act, such powers have been divided to new posts such as the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and the Lord or Lady Speaker. The counterpart of the US Supreme Court in the UK is the House of Lords (Emsworth 42). Like that in the US, the jurisdiction of the UK Judiciary extends in all civil and criminal cases. But, unlike in the US where the Supreme Court is considered as the last resort, UK has the Privy Council that could also perform similar function but with less jurisdiction, most of which involving only minor matters. Elections It is the appointed Electors of each State that choose both the President and the Vice President of the United States. There is no indicated limit the selection of Electors except that it can only be as many as the number of Senators and Representatives in the Congress and that no Senator, Representative or any person that holds an Office of Trust or Profit could be considered as Elector (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the election, the person with the highest number of votes is immediately chosen as President and the next highest is chosen as the Vice President. In case there is a tie, the Senate decides who holds the Office of the President and the Vice President with a quorum consisting of two-thirds of the States and majority of all the States (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Only a person who is a natural born Citizen of the United States at the time of the Adoption of the Constitution can run for President. In addition, the candidate must be at least 35 years of age and has completed at least 14 years of residence in the United States. A President cannot be elected thrice. The United States is composed of two Political Parties: the Republican and the Democrats (â€Å"The Constitution of the United States†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The electoral system of the United Kingdom is done through the First-past-the-post system or the plurality voting system in which a candidate wins as long as he/she has the most votes regardless of whether he/she has the majority of votes. The UK is composed of three major parties: the Labor Party, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats (â€Å"Politics of the United Kingdom†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The election of the Prime Minister is done by the members of the Parliament from among themselves. These members of the Parliament are elected by the Electors from different parliamentary districts (Emsworth 1-59). US-UK relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More evident among any other reason for the alliance between the US and the UK is their common position at such times when there is a threat to international security. After all, most will remember how the US and the UK relationship flourished immediately at the end of the Cold War when the two nations, together with others, posed at the same side against Hitler. Just recently, the US and the UK were on the same ground against terrorism and the War in Iraq.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But it is interesting to note that such alliance can be traced back in history even before the US had its written Constitution. More importantly, the US-UK relationship can be said to be rooted to their political histories and ideologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American concept of liberty, for example, can be traced to the British resistance to Absolute Monarchy in the 17th century. This concept of liberty highlighted the importance of the parliament particularly in its role in consenting to taxes, being the â€Å"people’s† representative, the concept of trial by jury, and the protection of citizens (Raymond 1-15).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The founding Fathers of the US were greatly influenced by the law-based state which is a British concept. The US documents, the US Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, for example, are based on the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights, the latter being the basis in writing the Constitution (Raymond 1-15).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It cannot be denied that the two countries’ shared experiences especially in wars and security issues have been a binding element in their relationship. But, more than anything, it is these similarities in concepts and ideologies, the US and the UK’s shared ideas about freedom, law, justice and experience that bind the nations together. Works Cited Emsworth. â€Å"UK Constitution and Government.† Boston, MA: Free Software Foundation, Inc. 2002. Politics of the United Kingdom. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 31 Mar 2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 1 Apr 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_United_Kingdomoldid=119272844. â€Å"Population Estimates: UK Population Grows to More than 60m.† National Statistics. 2006. Directgov. 31 Mar 2007 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=6. Raymond, R. â€Å"The US-UK Special Relationship in Hisotrical Context: Lessons of the Past.† US-UK Relations at the Start of the 21st Century. Ed. McCausland J and Stuart D. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2006. 1-15. â€Å"The Constitution of the United States.† National Archives. 29 March 2005 http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_transcript.html. Zulueta, F. â€Å"Foundations and Dynamics of Political Science.† Manila: Academic Publishing Corporation. 2003.

Autonomy in elderly care: A literature review

Autonomy in elderly care: A literature review Introduction Older persons in history have been regarded as dependent because of the physical body changes that come with growing older. These physical changes greatly affect the normal functioning and the effectiveness with which they operate and hence the need for external support both at the physical and social levels (Agich, 2003). As the physical energy wanes, so does the level of activity not only to support themselves physically but also on a wider scale. It is these very changes that bring to light the issues of care and dependence of older persons on caregivers and/or family support. However and important to note, like in the rest of other social groups, older persons are a heterogeneous group in terms of gender, race, culture, class and otherwise (Bond and Corner, 2004) and therefore, there needs vary accordingly. Further, as Bond and Cabrero (113: 2007) point out, mental and physical incapacity and disability which lead to dependence are common stereotypes of human ageing. Older people in care or not have been seen as frail and therefore unable to make decisions, communicate, and engage in meaningful relationships with their surrounding environment. As a result, their autonomy in care has been compromised. Jacob (1999) cited in Townsend (2009) compounds it further that professionals and families of older people as well consciously and unconsciously bear discriminatory assumptions about them. To this end, this paper explores autonomy of older people in care in depth, evaluates existing social work practice and suggests strategies to ensure both caregivers and service users promote an interdependence that would help in reinforcing control and respect for service users. Collopy (1988) defines autonomy as a set of notions that promote freedom, self-determination, independence that is signifying control and the power to make decisions by the individual. From a medical view point once one is admitted into care they are not well and therefore cannot cope on their own let alone make decisions. Because of this, they are viewed as patients who are incapacitated and therefore have to depend on caregivers. However, one wonders whether all older persons are incapacitated on all fronts. Even when they are fragile, do the Caregivers have sufficient expertise to socialize and communicate with them? These and other questions remain largely unanswered. This view therefore tends to ignore the strengths and abilities of the older persons. Like Runciman cited in Bond and Corner (2004) explains, in understanding social status, it is more meaningful to study individuals from their perspective and values so as correct judgments are made about them. Like all other social groups, older people too would be better understood from the view point of their everyday experiences at an individual level other than having to impose what we think is best for them. This would imply that understanding older persons’ desires means a lot to them rather than assuming that we know all they need. Understanding of Autonomy and Care for Older Persons Contextually Autonomy as a concept connotes a different set of meanings depending on the setting or context. It is defined differently in a sense that it means different things to different users and therefore taking one meaning or usage would very much complicate its very usage at the different cultural and societal levels on the whole (Agich, 2003). The fact that it spells out different meanings and qualities, in care for older persons too, would be quite a challenge for both the service users and the Caregivers themselves. Autonomy as a cultural ideal under the guise of freedom of choice especially in the western context is very much viewed as a necessary feature for any individual. In regard to United States for example, freedom is seen as a basic of life and therefore without which, is deprivation of an individual of a basic right (Agich, 2003). It is important to note that this freedom starts at birth throughout life and therefore including in old age, whether in care or not. In care too, w ithout the liberty for one to advance their choices would be seen as degrading by the service user and therefore subservient to the caregiver (Agich, 2003). However this raises the question of what might happen when the service user is suffering from a severe cognitive impairment? This clearly indicates the challenge of according full autonomy to service users. On the other hand in countries like South Africa where the elderly are seen as very important assets within their communities, it is argued that freedom begins with avoiding taking elders away from their very communities to institutionalized care (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). Institutionalized care would be seen as denying older persons an environment they consider natural and fulfilling. This entails an environment which allows them to share their older age with their kith and kin; who in this case know them better and therefore interdependence remains natural. Further, this kind of setting allows for respect and control of older persons based on cultural values. Even when older persons are mentally incapacitated, the family caregiver will know what they have always desired that is, their favorite food, dressings, entertainment and the like. This in a sense allows for older persons freedom in a manner that is fulfilling in this kind of context. However, it cannot go without mention th at this kind of setting requires strong family structures that allow for time and financial capacity from the family members to take care of the elderly. With the spread of neo-liberalism that promotes capitalism and individualism, some of these especially extended family systems have broken down hence rendering older persons susceptible to dependence on hired caregivers in a family setting or institutional care (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). Evaluation of Existing Social Work Practice and Care Provision for Older People Inasmuch as the intentions of care for older persons are seen as good, the outcomes of both institutionalized and family care are not always pleasant (Talerico, 2004). When service users are put into care, the assumption is that it is for the wellbeing of the service users because they are being given help physically, socially and otherwise. This in many a case does not always happen because of the very nature of how older person are perceived in the eyes of the caregivers. The societal perceptions of older persons delude caregivers of the capacities and strengths that service users possess. As Townsend (2006) theorizes it, these very perceptions give birth to the ideas of ‘structured dependence’ for older persons. For example a situation where the state deliberately introduces structures and policies like compulsory institutional care for older persons that are very much underpinned by the very disempowering and biased perceptions held strongly by society. Caregivers base their understanding of service users on the very notions they grow up with which in many cases misguides their treatment of older persons (Jacobs, 1999 cited in Townsend, 2003). In which case, service users find themselves in a difficult situation that is, cannot voice their concerns either because the surrounding environment is not supportive enough or for fear of retaliation from the caregivers (Townsend, 2006). In an investigation conducted in the United Kingdom by ‘Help the Aged International’ (2002), older persons in long-term care have suffered a series of blows partly due to the lack of quality assurance on part of the institutions and also a lack of competence from the caregivers on how to communicate with service users to deliver the required services (Townsend, 2006). A classic example in this investigation highlights a woman who was suffering from Alzheimer’s disease; she was dying of dehydration but no one could tell and she finally pas sed on. This is clearly an indication of lack of expertise on part of the Caregivers and as well an indicator of many others who are in the same or even worse-off situation. The fact that they could not communicate with her, they decided to take matters in their own hands; clears indicates of how dependence on Caregiver can get messy especially when there is a lacking in skills or quality assurance by the caregivers whether in institutional or family setting. On the other hand, very few studies explore the experience of older persons’ autonomy in care, whether in institutionalized or family in the developing world. Nonetheless, in a study conducted in South Africa, there is an indication of a shift in policy of primarily taking away older persons from institutionalized care to community based care with a view of keeping them closer to their kith and kin (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). However, due to issues of neo-liberalism which advance capitalism and individualism, this leaves older persons in family care at even greater risk as would-be caregivers opt for work and hire caregivers who despite the cultural attachment with these older persons, are little known to the service users. Despite being in family settings, little is known whether the hired caregivers promote values of preferences and control of older persons. This puts the issues of meaningful relationships and interdependence in question for the older person in this kind of setting. As cited by Zubi and Conolly (2013), as well in cases where the institutional care exists, there are cases of understaffing and under funding of care activities for older persons. As a result, this raises the levels of fatigue and emotional exhaustion which leads to compromise in the quality of care. This is a clear depiction that with burnout of caregivers, self-determination of service users is not anything that would be given priority. Further, in a study conducted by Leece and peace (2009), in which an attempt to understand what autonomy and independence of service users in care meant to caregivers, majority of them concluded that a service user had to be in a position to do everything on their own. Considering the wider and contextual understanding of autonomy; for example in terms of decision making and positive relationships, this is an indicator of how caregivers unconsciously take service users for granted in care and hence a need for evaluation of social care practice. It is important to note that inasmuch as some service user are not in a position to make decisions on their own, Talerico (2003) stresses that caregivers have taken no initiative in trying to understand how to communicate with them so as to create an environment of interdependence; that is understanding their daily activities, abilities, values and histories. All this would go a long way in shaping the caregiver’s approach to interdepen dence in care (Agich, 2003). Strategies to Improve Older Persons’ Autonomy in Care As stressed by Talerico (2004), care settings are congregated environment in which the most important thing is maximizing health and support. She adds that these very goals defeat the very purpose of autonomy because as oppose to individual choices generalist care is promoted. It should be noted however that this can raise ethical questions because service users are different and therefore their needs vary. As fronted by Leece and Peace (2009), establishment of personalized care for services users would go a long way in addressing this. This means that caregivers give a special attention to individual to not only understand their histories, values and choices but establishing effective skills of communicating with them on the whole. Even older persons with cognitive difficulties can communicate (Agich, 2003). Therefore, Caregivers must be equipped with these skills to give more meaning to care for older persons. From the earlier discussion of caregivers who understood autonomy of older persons in care as only being able to perform tasks independently, it is very clear that communities of practice are very important. These mainly refer to a multidisciplinary approach to working with older persons in care. This emphasizes working with different professionals who work together to determine what’s best for service users (wenger et al cited in May, 2009). As nurses focus on the medical component, social workers focus on their values and preferences and policy makers advance policies that promote older people’s necessities at all levels. This promotes a better understanding older person whether in care or not. As well, this implies better working relationship not only among professionals but also with service users who are engaged at different levels. Further, this in a sense, promotes interdependence among them as dependence is phased out. In addition to promoting a better understan ding older persons, specialist skills training would be important for the effective intervention of professionals at different levels. This explains the case for being able to communicate, identify their strengths and abilities and the like. Advocacy for the rights of older people would serve to bring their issues to the forefront (HelpAge International, 2010). Historically and socially, older people have been looked at from a medical view point as frail and therefore unable to perform task let alone making their own decisions. This is clearly a sweeping generalization that does not fit the bracket of all older persons. But because this has been the case for a long time, it has come to be accepted and upheld. This line of thought therefore very much underpins the policies and activities that are geared towards older people where they are seen as ‘dependent’ as oppose to partners in working. Therefore, in deconstructing this line of thought, advocacy through community dialogue and raising aware awareness of older persons’ issues autonomy in care among which, would go a long way rectifying the age-old negative connotations about ageing. As communities accept to dialogue and become aware of the reality o f old age, policies and agendas will begin to come up. In the long run this shapes the societal outlook of older persons at every single level. HelpAge International (2010) highlights how Tanzanian older women have been branded witches by their societies. As a result, this explains the kind of nasty treatment that they have been accorded whether in care or not. But by dialoguing with communities, the trend is changing for the better. Important to note is that advocacy would not directly promote autonomy in care for older persons but rather it goes a long way in pushing for older persons’ concerns high on the agenda. With the guidance of social workers, this in the short run would guide social policy and in the long run challenge and change societal outlook of ageism. Conclusion In a nutshell, if older persons are to gain control over their lives in care, then there needs to be a re-conceptualization of caring for older people; â€Å"where caregivers become supporters and advocates but not custodians and guardians as it were† (Nolan et al, 2001). As oppose to older persons being passive recipients of care, they become active participants who have some sort of control over their life while in care. This very much promotes interdependence between service users and caregivers. Concretely, as advanced by Rogers (1974), an individual-centered approach to caring, where the service user is placed at the centre of activities, would help caregivers in identifying the specific strengths and abilities of service users and therefore creating better working relationships which in the end promote interdependence and an acceptable level of control of service users. References Agich G. J. (2003) Dependence and Autonomy in Old age: An Ethical framework for Long-term Care, 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University press. Bond, J and Cabrero, G.R. (2007) Ageing in Society: European perspectives on Gerontology 3rd Edition, London: Sage publications Bond, J and Corner, L. (2004) Quality of life and Older people, 1st edition, McGraw Hill: Open University Press Fine, M. and Glendinning, C. (2005) ‘Dependence, independence or inter-dependence? Revisiting the concepts of ‘care’ and ‘dependency’. Ageing and Society, 25, 601-21, available online at http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1653/1/dependency.pdf [accessed 2 January 2014] HelpAge International (2010) Women’s rights in Tanzania. [Online] Available from http://www.helpage.org/what-we-do/rights/womens-rights-in-tanzania/ [Accessed 3 January 2014]. Katz, P.R., R.L. Kane, Mezey, and D. Mathy (Eds.). 1995. Quality Care in Geriatric Settings: Focus on Ethical Issues. New York: Springer. Leece, J and Peace, S (2010) Developing New Understandings of Independence and Autonomy in the Personalized Relationship. British Journal of Social work, 40, 1847–1865. Lombard, A. Kruger, E. (2009) older persons, the case of South Africa. Ageing International, 34: 119 – 135, available from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=0294ee3e-afec-4dad-882a-3b6fd4656d61%40sessionmgr4001vid=2hid=4204 [Accessed 1 January 2014] May, L. A. (2009) Communities of practice in Health and Social Care. 2nd edition, Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell Nolan, M., Davies, S., and Grant, G. (2001) Working with older people and their families. Open University Press: McGraw Hill Education Rogers, C. (1974) On Becoming a Person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. London: Constable. Talerico, K. (2004) Honoring Resident Autonomy in Long-Term Care Special Considerations. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 42, (1) Townsend, P. (2006)‘Policies for the aged in the 21st century: more ‘structured dependency’ or the realization of human rights?’Ageing and Society, 26 (02): 161 – 179 Zubi, Y. and Conolly, P. (2013) Recollected experiences of first hospitalization for acute psychosis among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 19 (3), p81-85. Little Red Riding Hood: Angela Carter Little Red Riding Hood: Angela Carter All fairy tales, both old and new that exist today can be said to have a long history that lies beneath them. However, some aspects of the fairy-tale history are somewhat hard to trace because its only the literary forms that can obviously survive. Furthermore, what we do know is that the majority of them have been around and retold for many years. Most, if not all of the famous fairy tales that we know have been adapted into various new versions as products of new challenging ideas around the society in which we live. Bonner states that fairy tales are the usual subjects of adaptation because of their massive appeal to both adults and children worldwide.  [1]  The story Little Red Riding Hood arguably offers a very interesting and challenging tale for enhancements through the application of the chosen contemporary theories in literary criticism that some critics have noticed throughout the years of its existence. Furthermore, in this essay I intend to compare Perraults version o f Little Red Riding Hood with Angela Carters version Company of Wolves. Little Red Riding Hood, Little Red Cap or simply Red Riding Hood is a European fairy-tale about a young innocent girl and a wolf. The tale was first published by Charles Perrault in 1697, which in fact was an adaptation of an older tale still. Thus, Perraults version ever since has been adapted and criticised throughout its history. Zipes holds the genre is relevant to contemporary culture as it holds issues that exist within gender and its society.  [2]   Perraults version was named Little Red Riding Hood. The red hood is seen as a popular symbol in Europe and North America. In the 19th century young daughters of wealthy families were painted in red caps or hoods. Erich Fromm considers the hood to symbolise menstruation and the approaching puberty that lingers upon the young person that wears it.  [3]   Perraults version can be described as a much more descriptive fairytale than many others. It begins with once upon a time  [4]  which the traditional way to start a fairy-tale and also gives the image of timelessness throughout the tale. This relates to the narration and the structure within the fairy-tale of which certainly precedes the middle classs existence within. It portrays the image of the little girl being highly attractive the prettiest creature who was ever seen.  [5]  She is also said to be extremely naÃÆ' ¯ve, the poor child who did not know it was dangerous to stay and hear the wolf talk.  [6]  This shows her innocence and that she isnt aware of the bad happenings in the outside world due to her controlled life at home and within her society, this relates to Trimmers view that both children and childrens tales should be kept away from such happenings within society that are out of the norm.  [7]   In Perraults version of the tale the little girls mother simply instructs her to take some food for her grandmother: never mentioning danger or anything that she should avoid on her journey, thus showing how safe society was perceived throughout the time. Tater argues it resembles a somewhat cautious tale to society, a wakeup call.  [8]   Moreover, the existence of the wolf within the tale gives the audience an image of a villain being portrayed. The wolf is seen as a popular image of danger in fairy tales as it is seen in this and other stories such as The Three Little Pigs. It is an obvious predator that exists within the forest and thus relates to a natural choice for the story rather than witches etc. it can also be portrayed as a metaphor for a sexually predatory man. He is of course the only male gender within the tale thus is portrayed as a powerful and strong figure, seen in the phrase gaffer wolf  [9]  personifying the wolf as the boss within the tale. He shows a strong influence upon the naÃÆ' ¯ve country girl as he persuades her to divert from the safe path in which she was on after foolishly telling him exactly where she was going. This clearly portrays to the audience a somewhat clear contrast between the village and its surrounding in which the girl lives, which is seen as safe and the dangers tha t are withheld in the wide world past what the little girl is used to. Hence, holding a strong morality message throughout the fairytale, warning people to stick to what they know. Tater identifies the tale as a place to work through people thoughts and anxieties about sexuality, gender and sometimes violence.  [10]  When Little Red Riding Hood makes it to the house, she has no sense of anything wrong and states What big arms you have!  [11]  Exclamation can be argued to be the favourite story element for tales, being seen as a story building tool that creates the anticipation and horror for the reader as they know that she isnt talking to her grandmother. Warner considers her initial failure to distinguish the wolf from her grandma as a crucial element within the story, as it creates the tension before the horrific ending of the fairy-tale. Furthermore, critics that exist such as Freud argue that there is evidence of underlying sexual motivations and tensions, evidence of this is the Hungry wolf simply not just eating the poor old grandmother, but he fell upon the good woman.  [12]  Feminist critics portray this as an image of rape and sexual tension. In addition, before he sadly digests the young girl he invites her to bed, come and lie down with me.  [13]  This can be seen as another sexual connotation within the tale, and also a disturbing image for its older audience. Thus being an innocent, clueless little girl she climbs into bed with him. Therefore by disobeying her mothers instructions and talking to strangers Freud dramatically insinuates that this struggle can only lead to her death which is the exact fate of Little Red Riding Hood, as he ate her up too.  [14]  The terrifying ending makes the tale seems more realistic leading to the moral at the end of the story of not talking to strangers and stay ing to paths in life you are familiar with; Bettelheim says it deliberately threatens the child with its anxiety producing ending.  [15]   Moreover, the tale of Little Red Riding Hood has been seen to undergo adaptation in relation to society of the time. Hence, in comparison to Perraults version, The Company of Wolves by Angela Carter. This can be found in her selection of short stories within Bloody Chamber. Throughout the short story Carter retells the famous fairytale in a somewhat gothic light. It is said to convey the completeness of corruption and unconventional ideas of sexuality and an ability to defend one using characteristics which are usually conveyed through a male such as slyness and confidence.  [16]  However, unlike the Perraults version, it takes place in a mountainous country on Christmas Eve in the dead of winter. Thus, in comparison to Perrault there are no flowers or sunshine present for the little girl to get distracted by on her walk to Grandma. Angela spends the first part of the story telling the reader terrifying folk tales of wolfs and werewolves that bombard society and proceed to do ruthless and evil deeds that live to kill. Clearly it adapts with the time within the story when food would be scarce and these creatures are said to lack the ability to listen to reason.  [17]  They are portrayed as forest assassins, grey members of a nightmare.  [18]  They were feared so great that children carried knifes around with them, seen as different to the original Little Red Riding Hood who isnt even warned of the dangers that she could encounter on her journey. In Carters version, the wolves are disguised as men and have to become naked to become a werewolf within the tale, If you spy a naked man in the forest run as if the devil were after you.  [19]  Moreover this can be seen to link to Perraults version, as it holds the notion of sexual tension and desires and involves the wolf as a sexual predator, a symbol of bo th danger and desire. However, Carters version holds a twist within the tale in that the young girl is able to triumph, by adapting her new found sexual desires and power and thus, gives in to notions of somewhat carnal desire, unlike Perraults characters that are seen to be weak and unable to fend for themselves. Furthermore, similar to Perraults version we see Little Red Riding Hood again to be all innocent as she is described as an unbroken egg, a sealed vessel  [20]  and also beautiful with pale skin and dark hair. In addition, as before she is taking food to her sick grandmother; however we see a sense of time and self-defence within this tale as she takes a large knife for her 2 hour trip,  [21]  and we are told its Christmas Eve again portraying that sense of time and place. However, due to her naivety and the way she has been brought up se doesnt think she is in danger as she is too loved to ever feel scared.  [22]  She is portrayed as the most beautiful and young girl in the family thus they want to keep her young. However, the difference between this girl and Perraults version is that she has a notion of menstruation and sexual readiness about her evidence of this is, the childs cheeks are an emblematic and scarlet white.  [23]  This portrays the young girl as being o n the verge of puberty and menstruation, thus adding to the idea of her vulnerability. This is further shown when she bumps into the wolf in the forest who is in fact a hunter and finds him immediately attractive. Compared to Perraults version of events Little Red Riding Hood makes friends with this stranger and foolishly lets him carry her basket which has her knife in. After a long walk, and when she has told him were she is going, he bribes her with a kiss for the winner of whoever gets to grandmas house first. Liking this idea she agrees and allows him to leave with her basket, this gives the image of bargaining with the notion of seduction. Unlike before little red riding hood shows her adolescence and sticks to the path shes on. However, she walks slowly to ensure he gets his kiss again showing her sexuality and desires. The wolf arrives at the grandmothers house as a completely different person that we have just witnessed before; he is chewing meat of his catch like a savage. Carter then links in the sexual connotations as he strips naked revealing a naked, hairy, lie covered body,  [24]  and his nipples that are as red as poison fruit.  [25]  He then devours her. However disgusting this image, it is portrayed as somewhat attractive and sexually arousing. The grandmother within the tale is old and feeble as in Perraults version also, however, she lives alone with her dog and bible. In the past she has lived her life as a devoted Christian and wife. She throws the bible at him showing some self-defence which the original grandmother doesnt even attempt in Perraults version, sadly though this isnt enough to help her against the wolf that is upon her. He then disposes all evidence and waits for the girl to arrive. Unlike the little girl in Perraults version upon her arrival in Carters short story she immediately realises that something isnt right and senses danger in grandmothers house, fear does her no good so she refuses to be afraid.  [26]  When she arrives there are uses of the same rhymes within the Perraults version, thus showing connections within the adapted version. However, in this tale the girl sees the wolf as strange, unknown creature and thus gives him his owed kiss and starts to undress herself. It is argued by Bettelheim that we can see Little Red Riding Hood wear her desires and sexuality literally on her sleeve. This is seen through her cape, as it portrays a sexual readiness and again symbolising menstruation and blood that she will shed when she loses her virginity. She shows a somewhat sexual power that allows her to intoxicate the lustful creature, small breasts gleamed as if snow had entered the room.  [27]  Evidently, the seduction gets reversed and we see the p ower shift as the girl becomes the sexual creature within the tale. This can be seen as the reason why grandma and the original little red riding hood didnt survive, she was old and lacked wit and tactfulness, Little Red Riding hood refuses to be weak and vulnerable as she survives and sacrifices her virginity to save her life, showing that self-defence that the original girl didnt have. She comments on the wolves teeth as in the original but when the wolf says all the better to eat you with  [28]  instead of screaming and having her fate decided, she laughs and says im nobodys meat  [29]  , Bacchilega interprets this meaning as acting out sexual desires offering her flesh not meat, hence sacrificing her body to him sexually then burning her cape in order to become one of the werewolves herself and adapt to his kind. The cottage is then surrounded by wolves howling a marriage song and the girl engages in a marriage ceremony conducted by the choir. Thus feminists state that s he does not call upon god or scream or get eaten. She freely exercises her own sexual power, trusting her own nature.  [30]  This then leads to sleeps in grannys bed, between the paws of her tender wolf.  [31]  A disturbing image towards its audience. It is also interesting to see that Carter uses a werewolf instead of a wolf that is used in Perraults version. Timmer states that this produces a moral message to its audience, whether that be children or adults that people should not judge others, people arent always what they seem.  [32]  Thus using a half wolf half human villain within the story allows us to identify with the wolf as people and maybe realise that we all have a little beast in us at some point. In conclusion, one of the many adapted versions of Perraults implies that sexuality is not something within our society that should be something we loath, fear or runaway from and a bad end, which we see within the Perraults version comes only form those in servile situations. Through Carter, we see the young girl take the power into her own hands and use it without fear or shame in order to survive unscathed unlike Perraults version, what ends in tragedy from both the grandma and Little Red Riding Hood. However, both versions are heavily criticised by many, especially feminists as they say it is full on female liberation that implies the view to the reader that nothing else in the world will save you against such horror and the only way to survive is through temptation, desire and the ability to fight fire with fire.

Reactions to Oppression in Jamaica and South Africa :: Jamaica Oppressed Culture Religion Essays

Reactions to Oppression in Jamaica and South Africa "Bob Marley said How long shall they kill our prophets While we stand aside and look Little did he know that eventually The enemy will stand aside and look While we slash and kill our own brothers Knowing that already they are the victims of the situation" Lucky Dube, Victims Lucky Dube is a reggae artist from South Africa singing in a fight against oppression in his country. Like Jamaica, South Africa has been oppressed since the days of the European colonizers. The only difference is some Africans lost their land and others were stolen from their land. In this paper, the reactions of Africans (Jamaicans included) to oppression will be surveyed through politics, religion, and music. This will be done through a comparison of these ideas between South Africa and Jamaica. Both these countries have been subjected to nearly 400 years of oppression of Europeans over Africans. The oppression of the indigenous people of South Africa began with the colonization by the Dutch through the Dutch East India Company. The cape of South Africa proved to be a perfect resting spot for ships on their course from Holland or India. (Lapping, p. 1-2) Conflict was inevitable and finally after 7 years of settlement the indigenous Khoikhoi attacked the colony. The Khoikhioi could not match the firearms of the Dutch. (Lapping, p. 3) Van Riebeek, who proceeded over the colony had now gained superiority over the indigenous people, imported slaves, and settled the freeburghers. The freeburghers were settled on large farms, which required strong laborers. This is where the slaves came in handy since the colony did not like the Khoikhoi labor. As the freeburghers and the slaves married, a population called the Cape coloreds arose. No more Dutch were sent since this was to be a refreshing post. In 1688, after an outbreak of religious persecution in France, some two hundred French H ugeuenots arrived. (Lapping, p. 3-5) As the colony grew, the farmers (Boers) began to move forward inland. The conflicts between them and the indigenous people increased. By 1702, fights began breaking out with another indigenous culture, the Xhosa. The white mans claim to the land, ‘We were here first.’ This is however not true because the Portuguese had traded with the Xhosa before the Dutch arrived. These were not the only inhabitants of the interior, there were as the Sotho, which are now present day Botswanans and the Zulu.

Characters of Beloved Essay example -- essays research papers

Characters of Beloved Sethe Sethe is a hardened but loving woman. Her memories of the brutality she suffered as a slave corrupt her everyday life and lead her to conclude that past trauma can never really be forgotten; it reveals itself at every chance. She thus spends her life attempting to avoid encounters with her past. The quality that best describes Sethe in my mind is persistence. Her constant devotion to Denver and her ability to function daily with her ever-present mind-scars shows an inspirational inner strength. Also, the act of attempting to kill you’re children to prevent their suffering is proof of her devotion to her children’s wellbeing (though obviously questionable to say the least) and her hatred of the slavery that has destroyed her life. So in respect to this, I compa...